The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Suppression on Autonomic Nervous Reactions on the Basis of Sensory Processing Sensitivity

Amiri, Sohrab; Isazadegan, Ali; Yaghobi, Abolghasem; Abdollahi, Mohammad Hossein

doi:10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.2.148

Volume 23, Issue 2 (Summer 2017) IJPCP 2017, 23(2): 148-163 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.2.148

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Amiri S, Isazadegan A, Yaghobi A, Abdollahi M H. The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Suppression on Autonomic Nervous Reactions on the Basis of Sensory Processing Sensitivity. IJPCP 2017; 23 (2) :148-163
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2766-en.html

The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Suppression on Autonomic Nervous Reactions on the Basis of Sensory Processing Sensitivity

Sohrab Amiri

, Ali Isazadegan

¹, Abolghasem Yaghobi²

, Mohammad Hossein Abdollahi²

1- Department of Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University , E-mail: ali_issazadeg@yahoo.com
2- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University

Abstract: (18805 Views)

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emotion regulation strategies of cognitive appraisal and emotional suppression on autonomic nervous reactions based on high and low sensory processing sensitivity among students.
Methods For this purpose, 500 students of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan were selected through a stratified sampling approach. Based on final score distribution (Z Standard) in sensory processing sensitivity scale, 45 of the subjects were chosen for testing the study hypothesis. The participants were studied for autonomic nervous reactions under normal viewing conditions, cognitive appraisal and emotional suppression. To evaluate the results of the study, the collected data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance, univariate covariance and post hoc tests.
Results The results showed significant differences between three groups in the autonomic nervous reactions based on emotion regulation and sensory processing sensitivity. The group with high sensory processing sensitivity gained higher heart rate and systolic blood pressure. In normal viewing, suppression and cognitive appraisal, the diastolic pressure was lower compared to the baseline.
Conclusion The suppression and cognitive appraisal compared to normal viewing was followed by decreased diastolic pressure that represents low levels of heart rate in normal viewing mode compared to the baseline. The use of cognitive appraisal and suppression compared to normal viewing led to increased heart rate. Therefore, cognitive appraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies can interact with personality traits associated with sensory processing sensitivity that influences the physiological reactions.

Keywords: Emotions, Autonomic nervous system, Sensitivity

Full-Text [PDF 3540 kb] (3464 Downloads) | | Full-Text (HTML) (8061 Views)

Type of Study: Original Research | Subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
Received: 2016/06/28 | Accepted: 2016/12/7 | Published: 2017/07/1

References

1. Kring AM, Sloan DM. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.

2. Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000; 61(3):201–16. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00338-4 [DOI:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4]

3. Gross JJ, Thompson RA. Conceptual foundations. In: Gross JJ, editor. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: Guilford Press; 2007.

4. Kreibig SD. Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology. 2010; 84(3):394–421. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010]

5. Hagemann D, Waldstein SR, Thayer JF. Central and autonomic nervous system integration in emotion. Brain and Cognition. 2003; 52(1):79–87. doi: 10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00011-3 [DOI:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00011-3]

6. Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 141(2):122–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543 [DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543]

7. Brosschot JF, Gerin W, Thayer JF. The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2006; 60(2):113–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074]

8. Kok BE, Fredrickson BL. Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology. 2010; 85(3):432–6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.005]

9. McCraty R, Rees RA. The central role of the heart in generating and sustaining positive emotions. In: Snyder CR, Lopez S, editors. Oxford handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0050 [DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0050]

10. Deschênes SS, Dugas MJ, Gouin J-P. Intolerance of uncertainty, worry catastrophizing, and heart rate variability during worry-inducing tasks. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 90:199–204. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.015 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.015]

11. Thayer JF, Lane RD. Claude Bernard and the heart–brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009; 33(2):81–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004]

12. Appelhans BM, Luecken LJ. Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Review of General Psychology. 2006; 10(3):229–40. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229 [DOI:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229]

13. Cristea IA, Valenza G, Scilingo EP, Szentágotai Tătar A, Gentili C, David D. Autonomic effects of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance in social anxiety: Evidence for common and distinct pathways for parasympathetic reactivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2014; 28(8):795–803. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.009]

14. Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 2008; 59(2-3):25–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x]

15. Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 2008; 30(4):315–315. doi: 10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4 [DOI:10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4]

16. Gross JJ. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998; 74(1):224–37. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224]

17. Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology. 2002; 39(3):281–91. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393198 [DOI:10.1017/S0048577201393198]

18. Gross JJ. Handbook of emotion regulation. NewYork: Guilford Press; 2006.

19. Campbell-Sills L, Barlow DH. Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In: Gross JJ editor. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. [PMID]

20. Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 85(2):348–62. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348]

21. Melnick SM, Hinshaw SP. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2000; 28(1):73–86. doi: 10.1023/a:1005174102794 [DOI:10.1023/A:1005174102794]

22. Fraire MG, Ollendick TH. Anxiety and oppositional defiant disorder: A transdiagnostic conceptualization. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013; 33(2):229–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.004]

23. Gruber J, Eidelman P, Harvey AG. Transdiagnostic emotion regulation processes in bipolar disorder and insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2008; 46(9):1096–100. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.004]

24. Svaldi J, Griepenstroh J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Ehring T. Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders: A marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology. Psychiatry Research. 2012; 197(1-2):103–11. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009]

25. Fairholme CP, Nosen EL, Nillni YI, Schumacher JA, Tull MT, Coffey SF. Sleep disturbance and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic processes in a comorbid sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2013; 51(9):540–6. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.014 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.014]

26. Jagiellowicz J, Xu X, Aron A, Aron E, Cao G, Feng T, et al. The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2010; 6(1):38–47. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq001 [DOI:10.1093/scan/nsq001]

27. Aron EN, Aron A. Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997; 73(2):345–68. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345]

28. Dunn W. The sensations of everyday life: Empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2001; 55(6):608–20. doi: 10.5014/ajot.55.6.608 [DOI:10.5014/ajot.55.6.608]

29. Sih A, Bell AM. Chapter 5 insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral syndromes. Advances in the Study of Behavior. 2008; 227–81. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)00005-3 [DOI:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)00005-3]

30. Wolf M, van Doorn GS, Weissing FJ. Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008; 105(41):15825–30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805473105 [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0805473105]

31. Smolewska KA, McCabe SB, Woody EZ. A psychometric evaluation of the highly sensitive person scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and "Big Five". Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(6):1269–79. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.022 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.022]

32. Bakker K, Moulding R. Sensory-processing sensitivity, dispositional mindfulness and negative psychological symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012; 53(3):341–6. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.006]

33. Benham G. The highly sensitive person: Stress and physical symptom reports. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(7):1433–40. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.021 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.021]

34. Hofmann SG, Bitran S. Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: Relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2007; 21(7):944–54. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003 [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003]

35. Meyer B, Ajchenbrenner M, Bowles DP. Sensory sensitivity, attachment experiences, and rejection responses among adults with borderline and avoidant features. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2005; 19(6):641–58. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641 [DOI:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641]

36. Neal JA, Edelmann RJ, Glachan M. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002; 41(4):361–74. doi: 10.1348/014466502760387489 [DOI:10.1348/014466502760387489]

37. Watson D, Clark LA, Harkness AR. Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994; 103(1):18–31. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.18 [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.18]

38. Stemmler G. Methodological considerations in the psychophysiological study of emotion. In: Davidson RJ, Scherer KR, Goldsmith H, editors. Handbook of Affective Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.

39. Gianaros PJ, Quigley KS. Autonomic origins of a nonsignal stimulus-elicited bradycardia and its habituation in humans. Psychophysiology. 2001; 38(3):540–7. doi: 10.1017/s004857720100004x [DOI:10.1017/S004857720100004X]

40. Pine DS, Wasserman GA, Miller L, Coplan JD, Bagiella E, Kovelenku P, et al. Heart period variability and psychopathology in urban boys at risk for delinquency. Psychophysiology. 1998; 35(5):521–9. doi: 10.1017/s0048577298970846 [DOI:10.1017/S0048577298970846]

41. Fabes RA, Eisenberg N, Eisenbud L. Behavioral and physiological correlates of children's reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology. 1993; 29(4):655-63. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.29.4.655 [DOI:10.1037//0012-1649.29.4.655]

42. Dolan RJ. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science. 2002; 298(5596):1191–4. doi: 10.1126/science.1076358 [DOI:10.1126/science.1076358]

43. Schmeichel BJ, Volokhov RN, Demaree HA. Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008; 95(6):1526–40. doi: 10.1037/a0013345 [DOI:10.1037/a0013345]

44. Mauss IB, Levenson RW, McCarter L, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. The tie that binds: Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion. 2005; 5(2):175–90. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 [DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175]

45. Hasani J. [The impact of reappraisal and suppression of emotional experiences on brain activity by looking at the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism area (Persian)] [PhD thesis]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2008.

46. Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994; 67(2):319–33. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319]

47. Johnson JL, Kim LM, Giovannelli TS, Cagle T. Reinforcement sensitivity theory, vengeance, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010; 48(5):612–6. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.018 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.018]

48. Amiri S, Hassani J. [Assessment of psychometric properties of behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems scale associated with impulsivity and anxiety (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 23(144):68-80.

49. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988; 54(6):1063–70. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063]

50. Bakhshipoor A, Dezhkam M. [A confirmatory factor analysis of the positive affect and negative affect scales (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology; 2005, 9(4):351-65. 51. Besharat, MA. [Assessment of psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; Research report (Persian)]. Tehran: University of Tehran; 2008.

51. King LA, Emmons RA. Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990; 58(5):864–77. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.864 [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.864]

52. Rafienia P. [The relationship between emotional expression styles with general health of students (Persian)] [MA thesis]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University, 2002.

53. Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences. 2001; 30(8):1311–27. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00113-6 [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]

54. Hasani J. [The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2011; 9(4):229-40.

55. Liss M, Mailloux J, Erchull MJ. The relationships between sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, autism, depression, and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008; 45(3):255–9. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.009]

56. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006.

57. Donker FJ. Cardiac rehabilitation. Clinical Psychology Review. 2000; 20(7):923–43. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00016-1 [DOI:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00016-1]

58. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R. Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology. 2002; 53(1):83–107. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217 [DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217]

59. Carnethon MR. Symptoms of depression as a risk factor for incident diabetes: Findings from the national health and nutrition examination epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 158(5):416–23. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg172 [DOI:10.1093/aje/kwg172]

60. Chesney MA, Darbes LA, Hoerster K, Taylor JM, Chambers DB, Anderson DE. Positive emotions: Exploring the other hemisphere in behavioral medicine. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2005; 12(2):50–8. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_2 [DOI:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_2]

61. Pressman SD, Cohen S. Does positive affect influence health.Psychological Bulletin. 2005; 131(6):925–71. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925]

62. Cacioppo JT, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Uchino BN, Sgoutas-Emch SA, Sheridan JF, et al. Heterogeneity in neuroendocrine and immune responses to brief psychological stressors as a function of autonomic cardiac activation. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995; 57(2):154–64. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199503000-00008 [DOI:10.1097/00006842-199503000-00008]

63. Augustine AA, Larsen RJ, Walker MS, Fisher EB. Personality predictors of the time course for lung cancer onset. Journal of Research in Personality. 2008; 42(6):1448–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.006]

64. Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997; 106(1):95–103. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.95]

65. Khalfa S, Roy M, Rainville P, Dalla Bella S, Peretz I. Role of tempo entrainment in psychophysiological differentiation of happy and sad music. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2008; 68(1):17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.12.001 [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.12.001]

66. Xiu L, Zhou R, Jiang Y. Working memory training improves emotion regulation ability: Evidence from HRV. Physiology & Behavior. 2016; 155:25–9. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.004]

67. Di Simplicio M, Costoloni G, Western D, Hanson B, Taggart P, Harmer CJ. Decreased heart rate variability during emotion regulation in subjects at risk for psychopathology. Psychological Medicine. 2011; 42(8):1775–83. doi: 10.1017/s0033291711002479 [DOI:10.1017/S0033291711002479]

68. Lane R, Mcrae K, Reiman E, Chen K, Ahern G, Thayer J. Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. NeuroImage. 2009; 44(1):213–22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056 [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056]

69. Thayer JF, Åhs F, Fredrikson M, Sollers JJ, Wager TD. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2012; 36(2):747–56. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009]

70. Wager TD, Davidson ML, Hughes BL, Lindquist MA, Ochsner KN. Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. Neuron. 2008; 59(6):1037–50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006]

71. Chalmers JA, Quintana DS, Abbott MJ-A, Kemp AH. Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2014; 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080 [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080]

72. Segerstrom SC, Smith TW, Eisenlohr-Moul TA. Positive psychophysiology. In: Sheldon KM, Kashdan TB, Steger MF, editors. Designing Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0003 [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0003]

73. Campbell-Sills L, Barlow DH, Brown TA, Hofmann SG. Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2006; 44(9):1251–63. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.001 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.001]

74. Friedman BH, Thayer JF. Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: A cardiovascular approach. Biological Psychology. 1998; 47(3):243–63. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0511(97)00027-6 [DOI:10.1016/S0301-0511(97)00027-6]

75. Thayer JF, Friedman BH, Borkovec TD. Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry. 1996; 39(4):255–66. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0 [DOI:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0]

76. Rottenberg J. Cardiac vagal control in depression: A critical analysis. Biological Psychology. 2007; 74(2):200–11. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.010 [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.010]

77. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite. Journal of Personality. 1987; 55(2):299–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00438.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00438.x]

78. Berntson GG, Thomas Bigger J, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, et al. Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology. 1997; 34(6):623–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x]

79. James GD, Yee LS, Harshfield GA, Blank SG, Pickering TG. The influence of happiness, anger, and anxiety on the blood pressure of borderline hypertensives. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1986; 48(7):502–8. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198609000-00005 [DOI:10.1097/00006842-198609000-00005]

80. Barrett LF. Are emotions natural kinds. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2006; 1(1):28–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x]

Rights and permissions
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb