Volume 26, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)                   IJPCP 2020, 26(2): 170-187 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Eshaghi Farahmand S R, Ahadi H, Kalhornia Golkar M, Sedaghat M. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life, Craving and Emotion Regulation in Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Therapy. IJPCP 2020; 26 (2) :170-187
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3099-en.html
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life, Craving and Emotion Regulation in Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Seyed Reza Eshaghi Farahmand1 , Hassan Ahadi2 , Maryam Kalhornia Golkar3 , Mastoreh Sedaghat4
1- Department of Health Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. , drhahadi5@gmail.com
3- Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
4- Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran.
Keywords: Music therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Quality of Life (QoL), Emotion regulation, Craving
Full-Text [PDF 6228 kb]   (2365 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (5812 Views)
Full-Text:   (2530 Views)
1. Introduction
ue to the widespread use of methadone maintenance therapy in Iran and a 48.2% relapse rate in this treatment [31], as well as the poor treatment with no psychosocial interventions on treatment compliance, and among the high dropouts. The need to use other psychological therapies associated with this treatment, including standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to reduce craving [21], to increase QoL [29], and the Emotional Regulation of Ford, et al. [32] is felt over and over. On the other hand, while Cognitive Behavioral Therapy seeks to directly change the behavior of people with substance abuse, Music Therapy has positive effects on mood and by reducing their negative emotions. Numerous studies have also shown that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has no advantage over other treatments that are not focused on coping skills [33]. Therefore, the question of the present study is whether Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a standard treatment of Music Therapy as a creative and complementary treatment of addiction is different in QoL, craving, and emotional regulation of methadone maintenance patients or not.
2. Methods
The method of this study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study consisted of all clients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy in addiction treatment clinics affiliated to Tehran Health Organization in 2019. In this study, first, in coordination with the Health Care System of Tehran, referring to addiction clinics, they were asked to refer to methadone maintenance practitioners who have at least one year of treatment experience.
The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: addicts on methadone maintenance treatment, male gender, no physical problems, no history of exposure to psychological training, age 18-40 years, no history of drug use. 
The exclusion criteria were as follows: failure of the sample group or family to participate in each phase of the study, having physical and mental problems, history of psychiatric problems, professional athletes, over 40 years of age, and drug use. 
The researcher interviewed and surveyed the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 60 persons were selected by purposive sampling; then, randomly divided into three groups. The researcher then randomly selected into two groups as the experimental group and control group. Then one of the experimental groups was randomly assigned to 8 sessions of Music Therapy group and the other group 8 sessions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy by the researcher. The control group received no training. Data were collected by using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [34], QoL Questionnaire [36], and Craving Questionnaire [38]. The ANCOVA method was used for data analysis.
3. Results
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Music Therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on QoL, craving, and emotional regulation in methadone maintenance patients. The findings showed that Music Therapy increased QoL, negative cognitive emotion and positive emotions and decreased craving. Also, findings showed that cognitive behavioral therapy increased QoL and regulated positive emotions and decreased craving. Negative emotions were regulated (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). 











4. Discussion
Comparison of Music Therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy compared with cognitive behavioral therapy showed that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy had an effective role in enhancing QoL and reducing negative emotions than Music Therapy. Mental Analysis Irvine et al.; Carroll et al.; Kaden; Silva and Serra showed that cognitive-behavioral interventions have a significant role in reducing the use and experience of the patient’s experience and play a major role in improving psychological symptoms and reducing the rate of relapse and return to substance use [51]. Also, the results are consistent with the findings of McGaugh, Heron, and Otto [52]; Ocilla, Hepner, Manoz & Watkins [55], and Driessen & Hollon [55] who showed that a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of addiction improves mood and tolerance, communication with others, and QoL. But there was no significant difference concerning Craving and positive cognitive emotion regulation. 
As the results also point out, Music Therapy is a complementary therapy and can play an important role along with other therapies such as drug therapy, and it has a stronger role in enhancing positive emotions than negative emotions.
 One of the important limitations of this study was the difficulty in satisfying the sample group for cooperation. Also Controlling for other disturbing variables (use of other medications, income, social support) decreased the subjects’ ability to control these variables. Caution should be exercised when generalizing the results to the female gender because of the use of the male gender. Finally, it is recommended to use Music Therapy as a complementary therapy.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study has been registered by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code: IRCT20191030045280N1). All ethical principles were observed in this study. Participants were free to leave the study at any time and were assured of the confidentiality of their information
Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 
Authors contributions
All authors were equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.




References
  1. Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet. 2010; 376(9752):1558-65. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6]
  2. Tomás-Rosselló J, Rawson RA, Zarza MJ, Bellows A, Busse A, Saenz E, et al. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime international network of drug dependence treatment and rehabilitation resource centres: Treatnet. Substance Abuse. 2010; 31(4):251-63. [DOI:10.1080/08897077.2010.514243] [PMID]
  3. Abuse S. Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the. 2013 Jan 10; 2:013.
  4. Jhanjee S. Evidence based psychosocial interventions in substance use. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014; 36(2):112-8. [DOI:10.4103/0253-7176.130960] [PMID] [PMCID]
  5. Aletraris L, Paino M, Edmond MB, Roman PM, Bride BE. The use of art and music therapy in substance abuse treatment programs. Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2014; 25(4):190-6. [DOI:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000048] [PMID] [PMCID]
  6. Malchiodi CA, Crenshaw DA, editors. Creative arts and play therapy for attachment problems. New York: Guilford Publications; 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=5R80CgAAQBAJ&dq
  7. Shuman J, Kennedy H, DeWitt P, Edelblute A, Wamboldt MZ. Group music therapy impacts mood states of adolescents in a psychiatric hospital setting. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2016; 49:50-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2016.05.014]
  8. Pelletier CL. The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy. 2004; 41(3):192-214. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/41.3.192] [PMID]
  9. Sharma M, Jagdev T. Use of music therapy for enhancing self-esteem among academically stressed adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2012; 27(1):53-64. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-30966-004
  10. Ross S, Cidambi I, Dermatis H, Weinstein J, Ziedonis D, Roth S, et al. Music therapy: A novel motivational approach for dually diagnosed patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2008; 27(1):41-53. [DOI:10.1300/J069v27n01_05] [PMID]
  11. Baker FA, Gleadhill LM, Dingle GA. Music therapy and emotional exploration: Exposing substance abuse clients to the experiences of non-drug-induced emotions. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2007; 34(4):321-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2007.04.005]
  12. Gooding LF. The effect of a music therapy social skills training program on improving social competence in children and adolescents with social skills deficits. Journal of Music Therapy. 2011; 48(4):440-62. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/48.4.440] [PMID]
  13. Lin ST, Yang P, Lai CY, Su YY, Yeh YC, Huang MF, et al. Mental health implications of music: Insight from neuroscientific and clinical studies. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2011; 19(1):34-46. [DOI:10.3109/10673229.2011.549769] [PMID]
  14. Silverman MJ. Effects of group songwriting on motivation and readiness for treatment on patients in detoxification: A randomized wait-list effectiveness study. Journal of Music Therapy. 2012; 49(4):414-29. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/49.4.414] [PMID]
  15. Jones JD. A comparison of songwriting and lyric analysis techniques to evoke emotional change in a single session with people who are chemically dependent. Journal of Music Therapy. 2005; 42(2):94-110. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/42.2.94] [PMID]
  16. Magee WL, Davidson JW. The effect of music therapy on mood states in neurological patients: a pilot study. Journal of Music Therapy. 2002; 39(1):20-9. [DOI:10.1093/jmt/39.1.20] [PMID]
  17. Dougherty KM. Music therapy in the treatment of the alcoholic client. Music Therapy. 1984; 4(1):47-54. [DOI:10.1093/mt/4.1.47]
  18. Rio R. Adults in recovery: A year with members of the choirhouse. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2005; 14(2):107-19. [DOI:10.1080/08098130509478133]
  19. Silverman MJ. Effects of a single lyric analysis intervention on withdrawal and craving with inpatients on a detoxification unit: A cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Substance Use & Misuse. 2016; 51(2):241-9. [DOI:10.3109/10826084.2015.1092990] [PMID]
  20. Hohmann L, Bradt J, Stegemann T, Koelsch S. Effects of music therapy and music-based interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review. PloS One. 2017; 12(11):e0187363. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0187363] [PMID] [PMCID]
  21. Dingle GA, Gleadhill L, Baker FA. Can music therapy engage patients in group cognitive behaviour therapy for substance abuse treatment? Drug and Alcohol Review. 2008; 27(2):190-6. [DOI:10.1080/09595230701829371] [PMID]
  22. Stead M, McDermott L, Gordon R, Angus K, Hastings G. A review of the effectiveness of social marketing alcohol, tobacco and substance misuse interventions. National Social Marketing Centre. 2006; Report 3. http://www.asrem.org/corsi_aggiornamento_convegni/comunicazone%20per%20la%20slute/Alcol,%20tabacco%20ed%20abuso%20sostanze%20nel%20Marketing%20sociale.PDF
  23. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, Martino S, Frankforter TL, Farentinos C, et al. Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: A multisite effectiveness study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2006; 81(3):301-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
  24. Feeney GF, Connor JP, Young RM, Tucker J, McPherson A. Improvement in measures of psychological distress amongst amphetamine misusers treated with brief Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Addictive Behaviors. 2006; 31(10):1833-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.026] [PMID]
  25. Pan S, Jiang H, Du J, Chen H, Li Z, Ling W, et al. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy on opiate use and retention in methadone maintenance treatment in China: A randomised trial. PloS One. 2015; 10(6):e0127598. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0127598] [PMID] [PMCID]
  26. Raylu N, Oei TP. A cognitive behavioural therapy programme for problem gambling: Therapist manual. London: Routledge; 2010. [DOI:10.4324/9780203850428]
  27. Roos CR, Bowen S, Witkiewitz K. Baseline patterns of substance use disorder severity and depression and anxiety symptoms moderate the efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2017; 85(11):1041-51. [DOI:10.1037/ccp0000249] [PMID] [PMCID]
  28. Berking M, Margraf M, Ebert D, Wupperman P, Hofmann SG, Junghanns K. Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011; 79(3):307-18. [DOI:10.1037/a0023421] [PMID] [PMCID]
  29. Peyravi H, Alavi SS, Ghanizadeh M. [The effect of compliance with group therapy on quality of life, global function and care after treatment in opium addicted under MMT (Methadone Maintanence Therapy) (Persian)]. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2018; 30(110):45-57. [DOI:10.29252/ijn.30.110.45]
  30. Dingle GA, Cruwys T, Frings D. Social identities as pathways into and out of addiction. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6:1795. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01795] [PMID] [PMCID]
  31. Matin BK, Jalilian F, Alavijeh MM, Ashtarian H, Mahboubi M, Afsar A. Using the PRECEDE model in understanding determinants of quality of life among Iranian male addicts. Global Journal of Health Science. 2014; 6(6):19-27. [DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p19] [PMID] [PMCID]
  32. Ford JD, Steinberg KL, Hawke J, Levine J, Zhang W. Randomized trial comparison of emotion regulation and relational psychotherapies for PTSD with girls involved in delinquency. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2012; 41(1):27-37. [DOI:10.1080/15374416.2012.632343] [PMID]
  33. Willenbring ML. The past and future of research on treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Research & Health. 2010; 33(1-2):55-63. [PMID] [PMCID]
  34. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2007; 23(3):141-9. [DOI:10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141]
  35. Mashhadi A, Hasani J, Mirdoraghi F. [Factor structure, reliability and validity of Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-children form (CERQ-KP) (Persian)]. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2012; 14(55):246-59. [DOI:10.22038/JFMH.2013.942]
  36. Ware Jr JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1998; 51(11):903-12. [DOI:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00081-X]
  37. Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia M, Gandek B. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Quality of Life Research. 2005; 14(3):875-82. [DOI:10.1007/s11136-004-1014-5] [PMID]
  38. Franken IHA, Hendriks VM, van den Brink W. Initial validation of two opiate craving questionnaires: The obsessive compulsive drug use scale and the desires for drug questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors. 2002; 27(5):675-85. [DOI:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00201-5]
  39. Hassani-Abharian P, Mokri A, Ganjgahi H, Oghabian MA, Ekhtiari H. Validation for Persian versions of "desire for drug questionnaire" and "obsessive compulsive drug use scale" in heroin dependents. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2016; 19(9):659-65. [PMID]
  40. Unkefer RF, Thaut M, editors. Music therapy in the treatment of adults with mental disorders: Theoretical bases and clinical interventions. New York: Schirmer Books; 1990. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=iEQJAQAAMAAJ&dq
  41. Kim KJ, Lee SN, Lee BH. Music therapy inhibits morphine-seeking behavior via GABA receptor and attenuates anxiety-like behavior induced by extinction from chronic morphine use. Neuroscience Letters. 2018; 674:81-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.035] [PMID]
  42. Gardstrom SC, Klemm A, Murphy KM. Women’s perceptions of the usefulness of group music therapy in addictions recovery. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 2017; 26(4):338-58. [DOI:10.1080/08098131.2016.1239649]
  43. Streeter E, Davies MEP, Reiss JD, Hunt A, Caley R, Roberts C. Computer aided music therapy evaluation: Testing the Music Therapy Logbook prototype 1 system. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2012; 39(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2011.11.004]
  44. Ghetti C, Chen XJ, Fachner J, Gold C. Music therapy for people with substance use disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; 2017(3):CD012576. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD012576] [PMCID]
  45. Choi AN, Lee MS, Lee JS. Group music intervention reduces aggression and improves self-esteem in children with highly aggressive behavior: A pilot controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2010; 7(2):213-7. [DOI:10.1093/ecam/nem182] [PMID] [PMCID]
  46. Jasemi Zergani E, Naderi F. The effectiveness of music on quality of life and anxiety symptoms in the post traumatic stress disorder in Bustan Hospital of Ahvaz City. Review of European Studies. 2016; 8(3):237-43. [DOI:10.5539/res.v8n3p237]
  47. Dillard LM. Musical countertransference experiences of music therapists: A phenomenological study. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2006; 33(3):208-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2006.01.002]
  48. Silverman MJ. Effects of music therapy on psychiatric patients’ proactive coping skills: Two pilot studies. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2011; 38(2):125-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.aip.2011.02.004]
  49. Coates JM, Gullo MJ, Feeney GF, Young RM, Connor JP. A randomized trial of personalized cognitive-behavior therapy for alcohol use disorder in a public health clinic. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2018; 9:297. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00297] [PMID] [PMCID]
  50. Hoffman CJ, Ersser SJ, Hopkinson JB, Nicholls PG, Harrington JE, Thomas PW. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction in mood, breast-and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being in stage 0 to III breast cancer: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2012; 30(12):1335-42. [DOI:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.0331] [PMID]
  51. Miller WR, Sorensen JL, Selzer JA, Brigham GS. Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2006; 31(1):25-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.03.005] [PMID]
  52. McHugh RK, Hearon BA, Otto MW. Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2010; 33(3):511-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012] [PMID] [PMCID]
  53. Sugarman DE, Nich C, Carroll KM. Coping strategy use following computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2010; 24(4):689-95. [DOI:10.1037/a0021584] [PMID] [PMCID]
  54. Osilla KC, Hepner KA, Muñoz RF, Woo S, Watkins K. Developing an integrated treatment for substance use and depression using cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2009; 37(4):412-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsat.2009.04.006] [PMID] [PMCID]
  55. Driessen E, Hollon SD. Motivational interviewing from a cognitive behavioral perspective. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2011; 18(1):70-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.02.007]
Type of Study: Original Research | Subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
Received: 2019/09/28 | Accepted: 2020/01/7 | Published: 2020/07/1
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2025 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb