Sun, Nov 24, 2024
| فارسی
Volume 23, Issue 4 (Winter 2018)
IJPCP 2018, 23(4): 454-465 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Zanjani Z, Yaghubi H, Fata L, Shaiiri M, Gholami M. The Mediating Role of Fear of Contagion in Explaining the Relationship Between Disgust Propensity and Fear of Contamination. IJPCP 2018; 23 (4) :454-465
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2506-en.html
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2506-en.html
1- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran ,E-mail: yaghubi@shahed.ac.ir
3- , Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4- Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
5- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityوTehran, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran ,
3- , Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4- Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
5- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityوTehran, Iran
Abstract: (7291 Views)
Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between disgust propensity, fear of contamination, and fear of contagion and also to determine the mediating role of fear of contagion in this regard.
Methods This is a correlation study. Study population were students of Shahed University of Tehran. The sample consisted of 391 students who were selected by convenience sampling method and completed looming contamination scale, disgust propensity and sensitivity scale and Padua scale . Data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. The correlation, hierarchical regression based on Baron and Kenny’s method (1987), and Sobel’s Test were used for analysis.
Results results showed that disgust propensity, fear of contagion (β=0.35, P<0.001), and fear of contamination (β=0.41, P<0.001) are correlated. The relationship between fear of contagion and fear of contamination was also significant (β=0.41, P<0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that fear of contagion mediates the relationship between disgust propensity and fear of contamination (β=0.26, P<0.001), which is also confirmed by Sobel’s test (Z=6.36, P<0.001).
Conclusion The fear of contagion is a mediator in the relationship between disgust propensity and fear of contamination. As a result, it seems that this structure is important in explaining the fear of contamination. Therefore if fear of contagion is considered in the evaluation and treatment of fear of contamination, The treartment effectiveness will be increased.
Methods This is a correlation study. Study population were students of Shahed University of Tehran. The sample consisted of 391 students who were selected by convenience sampling method and completed looming contamination scale, disgust propensity and sensitivity scale and Padua scale . Data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. The correlation, hierarchical regression based on Baron and Kenny’s method (1987), and Sobel’s Test were used for analysis.
Results results showed that disgust propensity, fear of contagion (β=0.35, P<0.001), and fear of contamination (β=0.41, P<0.001) are correlated. The relationship between fear of contagion and fear of contamination was also significant (β=0.41, P<0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that fear of contagion mediates the relationship between disgust propensity and fear of contamination (β=0.26, P<0.001), which is also confirmed by Sobel’s test (Z=6.36, P<0.001).
Conclusion The fear of contagion is a mediator in the relationship between disgust propensity and fear of contamination. As a result, it seems that this structure is important in explaining the fear of contamination. Therefore if fear of contagion is considered in the evaluation and treatment of fear of contamination, The treartment effectiveness will be increased.
Type of Study: Original Research |
Subject:
Psychiatry and Psychology
Received: 2016/06/4 | Accepted: 2017/03/15 | Published: 2018/01/1
Received: 2016/06/4 | Accepted: 2017/03/15 | Published: 2018/01/1
References
1. Rachman S. Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(11):1227-55. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.009]
2. Bobes J, González MP, Bascarán MT, Arango C, Sáiz PA, Bouso-o M. Quality of life and disability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eu-ropean Psychiatry. 2001; 16(4):239-45. doi: 10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00571-5 [DOI:10.1016/S0924-9338(01)00571-5]
3. Merikangas KR. Anxiety disorders: Epidemiology. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, editors. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Phila-delphia: Lippincottt William & Wilkins; 2005.
4. Dadfar M, Bolhari J, Dadfar K, Bayanzadeh SA. [Prevalence of the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology . 2001; 7(1-2):27-33.
5. Olatunji BO, Tart CD, Ciesielski BG, McGrath PB, Smits JAJ. Specificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD. Journal of Psy-chiatric Research. 2011; 45(9):1236-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018 [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018]
6. Broderick J. Disgust and contamination fear based obsessive-compulsive disorder: an investigation [PhD dissertation]. Kensington: University of New South Wales; 2012.
7. Goetz AR, Lee HJ, Cougle JR, Turkel JE. Disgust propensity and sensitivity: Differential relationships with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and behavior-al approach task performance. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2013; 2(4): 412-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006]
8. Cisler JM, Olatunji BO, Lohr JM, Williams NL. Attentional bias differences between fear and disgust: Implications for the role of disgust in disgust-related anxiety disorders. Cognition & Emotion. 2009; 23(4):675–87. doi: 10.1080/02699930802051599 [DOI:10.1080/02699930802051599]
9. Van Overveld WJM, De Jong PJ, Peters ML, Cavanagh K, Davey GCL. Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Separate constructs that are differential-ly related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 41(7):1241-52. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021]
10. Deacon B, Olatunji BO. Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007; 45(9):2110-20. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.008 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.008]
11. Armfield JM. Cognitive vulnerability: A model of the etiology of fear. Clinical Psychology Review. 2006; 26(6):746-68. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.007 [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.007]
12. Olatunji BO, Forsyth JP, Cherian A. Evaluative differential conditioning of disgust: A sticky form of relational learning that is resistant to extinction. Jour-nal of Anxiety Disorders. 2007; 21(6):820-34. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.004]
13. Olatunji BO, Smits JAJ, Connolly K, Willems J, Lohr JM. Examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in blood–injection–injury phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2007; 21(3):445-455. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.001 [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.001]
14. Smits JAJ, Telch MJ, Randall PK. An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002; 40(11):1243-53. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00094-8 [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00094-8]
15. McKay D. Treating disgust reactions in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2006; 37(1):53-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.005]
16. Olatunji BO, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Willems J, Lohr JM, Armstrong T. Differential habituation of fear and disgust during repeated exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in contamination-based OCD: An analogue study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2009; 23(1):118-23. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.006]
17. Riskind JH, Abreu K, Strauss M, Holt R. Looming vulnerability to spreading contamination in subclinical OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997; 35(5):405-14. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00113-1 [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00113-1]
18. Olatunji BO, Sawchuk CN, Lohr JM, De Jong PJ. Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(1):93-104. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00102-5 [DOI:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00102-5]
19. Rozin P, Fallon AE. A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review. 1987; 94(1):23-41. doi: 10.1037//0033-295x.94.1.23 [DOI:10.1037//0033-295X.94.1.23]
20. Rozin P, Millman L, Nemeroff C. Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986; 50(4):703-12. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.4.703 [DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.50.4.703]
21. Olatunji BO, McKay D. Disgust and its disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment implications. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Associa-tion; 2009. [DOI:10.1037/11856-000]
22. Riskind JH, Williams NL, Joiner TE. The looming cognitive style: A cognitive vulnerability for anxiety disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholo-gy. 2006; 25(7):779-801. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.7.779 [DOI:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.7.779]
23. Tolin DF, Worhunsky P, Maltby N. Sympathetic magic in contamination-related OCD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2004; 35(2):193-205. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.009]
24. Williams NL, Connolly KM, Cisler JM, Elwood LS, Williams JL, Lohr JM. Disgust: A cognitive approach. In: Olatunji BO, McKay D, editor. Disgust and Its Disorders: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment Implications. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association; 2009. [DOI:10.1037/11856-003]
25. Muris P, Mayer B, Huijding J, Konings T. A dirty animal is a scary animal! Effects of disgust-related information on fear beliefs in children. Behaviour Re-search and Therapy. 2008; 46(1):137-44. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.005]
26. Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1970; 30(3):607-10. doi: 10.1177/001316447003000308 [DOI:10.1177/001316447003000308]
27. Goodarzi MA, Firoozabadi A. Reliability and validity of the Padua Inventory in an Iranian population. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(1):43-54. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.11.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.11.004]
28. Olatunji BO, Ebesutani C, Haidt J, Sawchuk CN. Specificity of disgust domains in the prediction of contamination anxiety and avoidance: A multimodal examination. Behavior Therapy. 2014; 45(4):469-81. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.006]
29. Zanjani Z, Yaghubi H, Fata L, Shairi M, Gholami Fesharaki M. [Psychometric properties of disgust propensity and sensitivity scale in Iranian sample (Per-sian)]. Clinical Psychology & Personality. 2016; In press.
30. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986; 51(6):1173-82. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 [DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173]
31. Curtis V, Aunger R, Rabie T. Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2004; 271(Suppl 4):S131–S133. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144 [DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144]
32. Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, and Case TI. Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin. 2009; 135(2):303-21. doi: 10.1037/a0014823 [DOI:10.1037/a0014823]
33. Fisher PL, Wells A. How effective are cognitive and behavioral treatments for obsessive–compulsive disorder? A clinical significance analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(12):1543-58. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.007 [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.007]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Copyright © The Author(s);
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-By-NC), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Contact Information
