18 1735-4315 Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 41 Psychiatry and Psychology Standardization of the Persian Version of the California Psychological Inventory (PCI) Atef-Vahid M.K. Nasr-Esfahani M. Fattolahi P. Shojaie M.R. 1 2 2006 11 4 371 378 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: The California Psychological Inventory was developed for assessing personality characteristics of a normal population. This instrument has been standardized in different count- ries and has been used to assess academic success, managerial skills, creativity, maladjust-ment, antisocial behavior, and vulnerability to situational stress. The aim of this study was to standardize this questionnaire for the Iranian population. Method: This study was of standardization type. After translation into Farsi and back trans-lation, the final form was prepared and administered to 1008 subjects (911 males, 97 females) who were selected via random stratified sampling procedure from the sites of a government department in nine provinces. The mean age of the subjects was 40.7 (S.D. 7.7) Cronbach’s alpha procedure and test-retest method was used to assess the reliability, and factor analysis was utilized to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Results: The alpha coefficients for the questionnaire ranged from 0.30 for the F/M scale to 0.83 for the V3 scale with a median of 0.60. The overall alpha coefficient for the whole ques-tionnaire was 0.95. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the test-retest on 50 subjects after two weeks ranged from 0.47 for communality to 0.85 for independence scales. The factor analysis revealed three factors which were named Control, Extroversion, and Flexibility.Conclusion: The Persian version of the California Psychological Inventory has acceptable reli- ability and validity for the Iranian sample.
42 Psychiatry and Psychology Construction and Standardization of Reading Level Diagnostic Test for Third Grade Primary School Children Azizian M. Abedi M.R. 1 2 2006 11 4 379 387 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: Early diagnosis of school children with dyslexia has an important role in the pre- vention of its harmful consequences. This research was carried out with the aim of construc-tion, standardization and the assessment of the validity and reliability of reading level diagnostic test for third grade primary school children in the city of Isfahan.Method: Five hundred sixty nine third grade primary school children who were recruited using multi-stage random sampling method, were examined in this study. Reading level diagnostic test includes six subtests and assesses school children with regard to correct reading, comprehen-sion and phonological awareness. First, in a pilot study the questions included in the test were analyzed and corrected according to psychometric standards. Then, to assess the validity of the test, the correlation of test scores with the average grade and IQ, the correlation of the subtest scores with each other, the assessment of change in test scores along with the rise in the level of education, and the assessment of the difference in test scores between the dyslexic and the nor- mal group was used, and also test-retest reliability was assessed.Results: The best subtests with regard to validity include oral reading, sentence completion and homogeneity, and the subtests comprehension 1 and comprehension 2 were the weakest in this regard. Also, in the assessment of the reliability of the subtests, oral reading subtest had the high- est, and comprehension 1 had the lowest reliability. Conclusion: Reading level diagnostic test is an appropriate tool for the assessment of reading skills in third grade primary school children. 43 Psychiatry and Psychology Psychiatric Status in Offspring of Schizophrenic Parents:A Comparative Study Masoumi A. Shirazi E. 1 2 2006 11 4 388 395 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: In view of the fact that psychiatric disorders of parents can affect the behavior of their offspring, this study was carried out to assess the emotional and behavioral status of 6-16 year old offspring of patients with schizophrenia. Method: In an observational comparative study, using convenience sampling, the emotional and behavioral status of 100, 6-16 year old offspring from one hundred families with one schizo-phrenic parent, referred to psychiatric clinic of Iran and Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospitals, were compared with 100, 6-16 year old offspring of one hundred families with two healthy parents, referred to the dentistry clinic of the same centers. The comparison was carried out by means of the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).Results: There was significant difference in the mean scores of CBCL and CGAS between the two groups.Conclusion: Schizophrenia in parents can affect the emotional and behavioral status in their off- spring. 44 Psychiatry and Psychology Comparison of the Effects of Clozapine and Conventional Antipsychotics on the Burden and Psychological Well-being of Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia Malakouti K. Poshtmashadi M. 1 2 2006 11 4 396 406 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: Due to the effect of symptoms of patients with schizophrenia on the psycholo-gical well-being of their caregivers, this study was carried out to assess the effect of treatment with clozapine and conventional antipsychotics on the caregivers’ burden and well-being. Method: Two hundred and three patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers were examined in a retrospective study. The subjects were enrolled using the sequential method. Family Burden Interview Scale (FBIS), Morning-side Rehabilitation Status Scale (MRSS), General Health Ques- tionnaire (GHQ) and a demographic questionnaire were the instruments of this study. Chi-square, correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression and t-student tests were used for data ana-lysis. Results: The results showed that most patients treated with clozapine consisted of young un-employed men with a higher frequency of hospitalization and higher level of education. The caregivers consisted mainly of parents. A positive correlation was observed between burden, psy- chological well-being and psychiatric symptoms of the patients. Psychiatric symptoms in general and negative symptoms in particular were less severe in the clozapine receiving group, but there was no significant difference with regard to burden and well being among the caregivers. Conclusion: By a better control of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, clozapine could possibly be effective in reducing burden and maintaining psychological well-being. 45 Psychiatry and Psychology The Relationship of Clinical Features with Demographic Characteristics in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder in the Manic Phase Amiri Sh. Ghoreishizadeh M. 1 2 2006 11 4 407 412 18 02 2007  Abstract Introduction: Considering the importance of demographic and epidemiological characteristics of patients with bipolar disorder in the course and prognosis of this disorder, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between clinical features of bipolar I patients in a manic phase with demographic and some epidemiological features.Method: One hundred inpatients (65 men, 35 women) in a manic phase were selected using Con- venience Sampling. Diagnosis was made by means of clinical interview based on DSM-IV-TR criteria for diagnosis. The severity of illness was determined by hospitalization days and General Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ana- lysis of variance and t-test.Results: This study showed that the mean duration of hospitalization was higher for women (44.7 days) than for men (33.5 days). Also, there was a reverse correlation between GAF score and the number of hospitalization days. Conclusion: The mean duration of hospitalization was higher for women in comparison with men. The lower the GAF score at the time of admission, the higher the number of hospitalization days. 46 Psychiatry and Psychology The Comparison of Depression and Consent in Families of Brain Dead Patients in Donor and Non-donor Groups Tavakoli A. Rasoulian M. Golestani M.G. 1 2 2006 11 4 413 418 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: The fact that some of the organs of a brain dead patient are still living, might make it difficult for the patient’s family to shift from denial to the acceptance of the patient’s death. Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare depression between two groups of fa-milies of brain dead patients (namely donor and non-donor) and the degree of their satisfac-tion of the medical organization.Method: This is a descriptive-cross sectional study. The subjects consisted of first-degree rela- tives of brain dead patients. Fifty four subjects from 27 donor families and 104 subjects from 58 non-donor families were selected using the counting method. These subjects had lost at least one of their first-degree relatives because of brain death, between the years 1380 and 1384 in the province of Tehran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Beck Depres-sion Inventory (BDI). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results: Depression was present in 20.4% of donor and 17.3% of non-donor families but the di- fference was not statistically significant. The comparison of the degree of depression between the families of donor patients and the non-donor patients as well as their spouses and children also did not show any significant difference. Nevertheless, 66% and 32% of the donor relatives con- sidered ‘organ donation’ to be completely effective and effective to some degree in overcoming grief, respectively. Conclusion: Organ donation does not have an effect on the degree of later depression and the course of grief in the relatives of brain dead patients. 47 Psychiatry and Psychology The Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder in Elementary School children in the City of Sirjan Ziaoddini H. Shafizadeh N. 1 2 2006 11 4 419 425 18 02 2007 48 Psychiatry and Psychology Neurological Soft Signs in Male Prison Inmates Noroozian M. Shariat V. Assadi M. Yahyazadeh O. Pakravan M. Aghayan Sh. 1 2 2006 11 4 426 434 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: Due to the importance of the relation between neurological and behavioral dis-orders, this study was designed to compare the frequency of Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) and their different domains between a group of male prison inmates and a group of male non-prisoner subjects. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 351 male prison inmates (including 54 with monet- ary crimes, 74 with violent crimes, 71 with non-violent crimes, 72 with crimes related to addiction, and 80 with crimes related to debauchery) were randomly selected, and were compared to 80 non-prisoner males using a demographic questionnaire and a neurological assessment measure.Results: The total NSS score was higher in prisoners than in non-prisoners. The difference was most evident in the domains of sensory integration, eye movements and glabellar tap reflex. Non- violent, addiction related, and monetary subgroups showed the most and the violent subgroup showed the least difference from the non-prisoner group. Conclusion: A uniform relation between NSS and the type of crime in different groups cannot be expected. 49 Psychiatry and Psychology The Effect of Parent Management Training for Parents of Preschoolers with ADHD Hajebi A. Hakim Shoushtari M. Khajeddin N. 1 2 2006 11 4 435 440 18 02 2007 50 Psychiatry and Psychology Type of Personality and the Amount of Adherence to Recommended Regimens in Diabetic Patients Rezaie Kargar F. Karbandi S. Hassanabadi H. Esmaili H. 1 2 2006 11 4 441 448 18 02 2007 51 Psychiatry and Psychology Factors Causing Stress in Medical Center Managers in Tehran Mirsamadi M. Jafarpour A. 1 2 2006 11 4 449 454 18 02 2007  AbstractIntroduction: Due to detrimental effects of work among managers of health and medical centers, this research was carried out to assess factors causing stress among managers of public medical centers in Tehran. Method: This experiment was descriptive cross-sectional and was carried out by means of Luthans questionnaire. The subjects consisted of 94 managers of public medical centers in Tehran (all managers who were willing to complete the questionnaire). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: “Excessive sense of responsibility” was among the most important personal stressful factors, “problems regarding inflation and cost of living” among the most important familial factors, “low budget and lack of equipment and facilities” among the most important occupa-tional factors, and finally, “environmental pollution” and “unawareness of clients of social, cultural and economic standards” were the most important socioeconomic and cultural stressful factors among the managers of medical centers. Conclusion: The most important stressful factors among managers of medical centers consist of low budget and lack of equipment and facilities. 52 Psychiatry and Psychology Assessment of Risk Factors of Motivational Deficiencies in University Students from their Viewpoints Askari J. 1 2 2006 11 4 455 462 18 02 2007 53 Psychiatry and Psychology Non-compliance with Medication Regimens in Patients with Schizophrenia 1 2 2006 11 4 463 466 18 02 2007 Short Scientific Article 54 Psychiatry and Psychology Efficacy of Problem Solving Skills Education for High School Girl Students Aggression Reduction 1 2 2006 11 4 467 469 18 02 2007 Short Scientific Article