Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Improving Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia Based on Cognitive Levels
2
19
FA
Asal
Fazeli
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
assalfazeli@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-4810-2677
Behrooz
Dolatshahi
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
dolatshahee@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-2230-9562
Shima
Shakiba
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
.shimashakibash.psy@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-7536-5149
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.2333.2
Objectives Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, which are directly associated with the functional and social outcomes of this disorder. Cognitive remediation therapy aims to improve the deficits and the following outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive remediation therapy on attention and working memory of two groups of patients with schizophrenia (low and moderate cognitive deficit).
Methods A total of 30 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia were selected and divided into two different groups by clinical interviews and the scores obtained in the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). The patients with low and moderate cognitive deficits were evaluated by the classic Stroop test, continuous performance test (CPT), and n-back test before and after the treatment. Both groups received cognitive remediation therapy prepared by Sholberg and Mateer (2001). This rehabilitation program in treating patients with schizophrenia focuses on the cognitive abilities of memory and its elements, attention, and dimensions of attention and executive function. The above rehabilitation program has been prepared for individual or group implementation, and its purpose is to repair cognitive deficits and skills through practice and training. The number of sessions of this program includes 16, and the instructions for each session are very specific. Each session takes an average of 30 to 45 minutes.
Results The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation in both groups at the post-test level (P≤0.05) improved cognitive performance significantly in the areas of sustained attention, selective attention, and working memory. Comparing the performance between the two groups, only a significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed between the two groups in the field of sustained attention.
Conclusion Based on the findings, cognitive rehabilitation treatment improves patients’ performance in selective attention, sustained attention, and working memory. In addition, in terms of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation between the two groups with low and moderate cognitive deficits, the findings indicate more progress in the group with more severe cognitive deficits in the field of sustained attention and no difference in selective attention performance and working memory.
Schizophrenia, Cognitive remediation, Attention, Memory, Cognitive dysfunction
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3471-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3471-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Meaning in Life of Mothers of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disorders
20
33
FA
Akbar
Taheri
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Akbartaheri.vajel@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-2707-3798
Seyed Ali
Marashi
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
sayedalimarashi@scu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-9220-0189
Najmeh
Hamid
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
n.hamid@scu.ac.ir
N
0000-0032-1234-0076
Kioumars
Beshlideh
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
k.beshlideh@scu.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-5519-4792
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3046.1
Objectives This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on psychological well-being and meaning in the life of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disorders living in Ahvaz City, Iran.
Methods The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study participants included 30 mothers who were selected by random sampling method. Fifteen mothers were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group, and the intervention was conducted for the experimental group. The study instruments included psychological well-being scale and a meaning in life questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by using a multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS v. 22.
Results Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the study groups differed significantly in at least one of the dependent variables. F statistics of univariate analysis of covariance for psychological well-being (F=48.32, P≥0.001) and meaning in life (F=51.32, P≥0.001) were obtained in the pretest. In addition, the F statistics of univariate analysis of covariance were obtained for the psychological well-being variable (F=45.61, P≥0.001) and meaning in life (F=33.60, P≥0.001) in the posttest. Therefore, a significant difference was observed between experimental and control groups in the posttest and follow-up stages in the dependent variables (psychological well-being and meaning in life).
Conclusion The results showed that compassion-focused therapy significantly improved the psychological well-being and meaning of mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disorders. A follow-up of four weeks also indicated the sustainability of the therapeutic improvements. Consequently, this treatment is recommended to psychotherapists as a valuable intervention for increasing psychological well-being and meaning in life.
Psychological well-being, Meaning in life, Mental-developmental disorder, Compassion-focused therapy
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
The Mediating Role of Fear of Failure, Self-Compassion and Intolerance of Uncertainty in the Relationship Between Academic Procrastination and Perfectionism
34
47
FA
Kamyar
Mansouri
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
kamyar.mansouri2018@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-4335-9932
Ahmad
Ashouri
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ahmad.ashouri@gmail.com
Y
Banafshe
Gharraee
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
gharraee.b@iums.ac.ir
N
Hojjatollah
Farahani
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
h.farahani@modares.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-9799-7008
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3706.1
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of fear of failure, self-compassion, and intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism.
Methods This study used structural equation modeling. The statistical population was students studying for a master’s degree in Tehran in 2020-2021. Using the available sampling method, 440 students were selected as the sample. To analyze data, the correlation matrix in SPSS v. 24 software and structural equation modeling in Lisrel 8.80 software were used.
Results The results showed that the direct effect of perfectionism on fear of failure, intolerance of uncertainty, and academic procrastination (P≥0.001) was positive and significant and the direct effect of perfectionism on self-compassion (P≥0.001) was negative and significant. Also, the direct effect of fear of failure on academic procrastination was positive and significant (P≥0.001) and the direct effect of self-compassion on academic procrastination was negative and significant (P≥0.001). Also, the results of data analysis showed that fear of failure, intolerance of uncertainty, and self-compassion had a significant role (P≥0.001) in the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism.
Conclusion Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the relationship between academic procrastination and perfectionism is not a linear and simple relationship and fear of failure, self-compassion, and intolerance of uncertainty has a mediating role in this relationship.
Perfectionism, Procrastination, Self-compassion, Uncertainty
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3394-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3394-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
The Relationship Between Body Image Victimization Experiences and Binge Eating Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Body Image Shame and Self-Criticism
48
61
EN
Zahra
Salarian Kaleji
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
zsk.baran@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-2925-9270
Hamid
Poursharifi
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
poursharifih@gmail.com
Y
0000-0003-3864-9924
Behrooz
Dolatshahi
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
dolatshahee@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-2230-9562
Fereshte
Momeni
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fm.psychologist@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-1606-8387
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3697.1
Objectives The current study examined the relationship between body image victimization experiences and the severity of binge eating symptoms mediated by body image shame and self-criticism.
Methods In this study, structural equation modeling was employed. Participants were 283 Iranian university students who completed a set of self-report measures of body image shame, forms of Self-Criticizing/Self-Reassuring, binge eating symptoms and body image victimization experiences.
Results The results showed that the symptoms of binge eating had a positive and significant relationship with body image shame (r=0.51, P=0.001), self-criticism (r=0.51, P=0.001), and body image victimization experiences (r=0.56, p = 0.001). Also, body image shame (P<0.05, ß=10.0) and self-criticism (P<0.05, ß=0.12) mediated the relationship between victimization experiences and the severity of binge eating symptoms.
Conclusion Based on the results, self-criticism and shame of body image could mediate the relationship between the early body image victimization experiences in childhood and adolescence and the severity of binge eating symptoms in the Iranian sample. Therefore, researchers and clinicians can consider the effect of these factors on binge eating disorder.
Binge eating, Body image, Victimization, Shame, Criticism
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3384-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3384-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Investigating the Effect of Personality Organization, Job Stress, and Ego Strength on Audit Quality
62
75
FA
Nasim
Nasirpour
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qaimshahr Branch, Qaimshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
N
0000-0003-1033-5413
Mohammad Mehdi
Abbasian
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qaimshahr Branch, Qaimshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
mm.abbasian@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0003-2263-2888
Abbas Ali
Pour Aghajan
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qaimshahr Branch, Qaimshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
N
0000-0003-0067-1253
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3788.1
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality organization, job stress, and ego strength on predicting audit quality in auditing organizations and independent audit companies.
Methods The statistical population of this study was all auditors of the audit organization with 191 individuals and independent audit companies with 208 companies, which included at least three auditors in 2019, and finally 815 people were studied. Using a random sampling method 261 individuals were selected. For data collection, the standard questionnaires of Audit Quality, Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), Job Stress Questionnaire, and Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths (PIES) were used, which were designed based on a five-point Likert scale.
Results The research results showed that the variables of personality organization (0.425) and ego capability (0.222) had a positive and significant effect on the audit quality of auditors of independent audit companies and job stress (-0.505) had a significant and inverse impact on the audit quality of auditors of independent audit companies.
Conclusion The quality of auditors’ audits can be predicted according to personality organization, ego strength, and job stress of auditors, which can be used in the performance of stock exchange companies as well as other investment companies. The research findings can present new topics in professional associations for training courses.
Personality Organization, Job Stress, Ego Strength, Audit Quality
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3481-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3481-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Divorce Indices, Causes, and Implemented Interventions in Iran
76
89
FA
Behzad
Damari
Governance and Health Department, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
bdamari@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-6456-1064
Habibollah
Masoudi Farid
Community Medicine Specialist, Welfare Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
N
Ahmad
Hajebi
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
0000-0001-8435-0398
Fariba
Derakhshannia
Social Working Specialist, Strengthen Women and the Family Department, Welfare Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
N
Elham
Ehsani-Chimeh
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ehsanielham@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0001-6084-7930
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.3455.1
Objectives Divorce is one of the most important social harms. This study investigated the divorce trends, causes, and implemented interventions.
Methods A qualitative approach with a content analysis method was conducted. The study data were collected by reviewing relevant documents such as scientific articles and official reports, interviewing experts, and holding focus group Discussion. Sampling was performed with purposive sampling and the snowball technique to identify experts and professionals in this area.
Results In recent years, the ratio of the divorce to marriage has been increasing, and in 2016, it reached its highest level (25.3 divorce per 100 marriages). Weak literacy and marital skills, changing patterns of matching, increased individualism and self-interest seeking, unemployment, addiction, and cyber ads (online advertising) were considered the most important reasons for divorce, according to the experts’ views. Currently, a program for controlling and decreasing the divorce rate is implemented. However, the most critical challenges of the program are weak inter-sectoral collaboration and community participation, dispersing and islanding social services, and also the effect of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and international macro factors on mentioned national program.
Conclusion Social harms inside the family are complicated. So, it requires the cooperation of scattered and islanding services in the form of comprehensive social care units for the target population throughout the country. Also, capacity building and national programs institution literacy should be strengthened.
Divorce, Social problems, Marital status, Separation, Separation Interventions
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3262-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3262-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Identifying the Characteristics of Pathological Narcissism in a Sample of Public University Students of Tehran, Iran, in 2019
90
105
FA
Afsaneh
Akhani
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
afsanehakhani@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-4566-0689
Ahmad
Ashouri
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ahmad.ashouri@gmail.com
Y
0000-0002-4444-4530
Fatemeh
Hassanzadeh
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran. Iran
fah.hassanzadeh@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-0190-4920
Fatemeh
Pourkhaghan
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran. Iran
fatemepourkhaghan@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-9447-2345
Zahra
Reisi Sarteshneizy
Department of Mental Health Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
z.raeisi9597@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-0894-7875
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.227.13
Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the validity and characteristics of pathological narcissism in Iranian public university students.
Methods The present research is a descriptive study performed on 659 students in different degrees and fields in the 2018-2019 academic year. They were selected using the cluster sampling method. The face validity was calculated by administering the questionnaire to a group of 30 students. The convergent validity was assessed using the test of self-conscious affect (TOSCA-3), the narcissistic personality inventory (NPI), the Beck depression inventory (BDI), and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Confirmatory factor analysis was also implemented to evaluate the 7-factor structure of the inventory. Differences between means regarding features of narcissistic personality in genders were evaluated using the multivariate analysis of variance. All data analysis was performed in SPSS v. 20 or LISREL v. 8.8 software.
Results Findings indicate that all impact scores of questions are above 1.5. The internal consistency on the scales of this questionnaire ranges from 0.73 to 0.85, except for the entitlement rage, which is equal to 0.66. Also, the correlations calculated between the two general factors of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism with TOSCA-3, BDI, and RSE were respectively significant and non-significant in relation to the narcissistic personality inventory (at a significance level of 0.05). Findings approve the seven dimensions of PNI-BF in the Iranian population. A comparison of narcissism scores among different genders showed that the grandiose scale was significantly higher in males.
Conclusion The findings confirm the psychometric characteristics of the pathological narcissism questionnaire in the public university students of the Tehran population.
Narcissism, Pathology, Reliability, Personality inventory
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3206-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3206-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Psychometric Properties of the Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment in Iranian Adolescents
106
121
FA
Susan
Ghahremani
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ghahremani.susan33@gmail.com
N
0000-0001-8589-8857
Fahime
Ahmadian Vargahan
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ahmadian.fahime@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-1585-0895
Sajad
Khanjani
Research Center Cognitive Sciences and Behavioral in Police, Directorate of Health, Rescue & Treatment, Police Headquarter, Tehran, Iran.
khanjanis23@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-5697-083X
Hojjatollah
Farahani
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
ipsyhaf@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-9799-7008
Fahimeh
Fathali Lavasani
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
lavasani.f@gmail.com
Y
0000-0002-4103-1490
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.2000.3
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the mental health and social inadaptation measurement in Iranian adolescents.
Methods The study was cross-sectional and was conducted in two separate phases. The sample of the study’s first phase included 604 students of Islamshahr City, Iran (the academic year 2019-2020) who were selected by the cluster sampling method. The study’s second phase was conducted on 44 adolescents referred to medical centers in Tehran City, Iran, and was selected by a convenient sampling method. Data collection questionnaires were the mental health and social inadaptation assessment (MIA) and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, the Cronbach α coefficient, and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results Of the study supported 1- and 2-factor structures for all psychopathology scales. The Cronbach α coefficient of scales ranged from 0.73 to 0.94 except for eating disorder and psychopathy scales (α=0.57). The test-retest reliability of most scales was moderate to high (0.51<r Conclusion The MIA holds promises to give valid and reliable results in screening adolescents’ problems. However, the psychometric properties of the three scales of psychopathy (such as the original version), eating disorders, and eating-related dysfunction were not supported in this study.</r
Mental health, Social adjustment, Adolescences, Psychometric
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3292-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3292-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Public Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Phenomenological Study
122
137
EN
Satriya
Pranata
Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan.
satriya.pranata@unimus.ac.id
N
0000-0002-2026-8931
Dwi Rizka
Harriami
Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, Institut Agama Islam, Sumbawa City, West Nusa Tenggara.
rizkahangeng@yahoo.com
N
Anna
Kurnia
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, City, Central Java, Indonesia.
annakurnia@unimus.ac.id
N
Herlinda
Wulandari
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, City, Central Java, Indonesia.
wulan.herlinda@gmail.com
N
Dwin
Seprian
Department of Nursing, STIKes Yarsi Pontianak, Pontianak City, West Borneo, Indonesia.
dwinseprian1993@gmail.com
N
Difran Nobel
Bistara
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia.
nobel@unusa.ac.id
Y
0000-0002-7995-5509
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.4082.1
Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many deaths in Indonesia. This pandemic has caused changes in social life. There is no research that explores the public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This phenomenological study aims to survey the public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.
Methods: Ten people living in Indonesia were selected purposively. A semi-structured in-depth interview was used to collect data. The records were analysed using Colaizzi’s (1978) seven-step phenomenological analysis method.
Results: Six themes were extracted from the perceptions: “COVID-19 is very dangerous”, “threats to social life”, “threats to the economic sector”, “threats to the education sector”, “Global conspiracy”, and “ Creating new jobs”.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indoensia has changed the social life of people and has affected various sectors such as education and economy. Information about the public perceptions during the pandemic can help the government to determine appropriate policies about COVID-19.
Perception, Social sciences, COVID-19, Pandemics
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3594-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3594-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
1735-4315
2228-7515
28
1
2022
4
1
Chemical; The New Trend of addiction in Iran
138
143
EN
Shiva
Soraya
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center of Addiction and Risky Behavior, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
dr.shivasoraya@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-0985-9319
Ruohollah
Seddigh
Department of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ruohollahseddigh@gmail.
N
0000-0002-9306-6396
Fatemeh
Hadi
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center of Addiction and Risky Behavior, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fatemehadi88@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-0893-8699
Mohammad
Faramarzi
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center of Addiction and Risky Behavior, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
m.faramarzi89@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-5685-2275
10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.4010.1
Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of substances with a high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synthetic cannabinoids are incredibly potent, highly productive, have more affinity for the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), and are designed to accelerate the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. Also, there is experimental evidence that SCs act on non-cannabinoid receptors, such as the 5-HT2B receptor or dopaminergic receptors.
Chemical, cannabis, addiction
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3550-en.html
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3550-en.pdf