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اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر هیجان، بر سبک‌های تنظیم هیجان و شدت علائم وسواس در زنان مبتلا به اختلال وسواسی‌اجباری The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Emotion Regulation Styles and Severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Women With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1 1 اهداف هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر هیجان، بر سبک‌های تنظیم هیجان و شدت علائم وسواس در زنان مبتلا به اختلال وسواسی‌اجباری است. مواد و روش ها طرح این پژوهش، نیمه‌آزمایشی و از نوع پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون و پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمام زنان مبتلا به اختلال وسواسی‌اجباری مراجعه‌کننده به کلینیک‌ها و مراکز مشاوره شهر اهواز بود. برای انتخاب گروه نمونه واجد شرایط، ابتدا ۳۰ نفر از بیماران مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز درمانی به شیوه نمونه‌گیری د ر‌دسترس انتخاب شدند که تعدادی از آنان به دلیل نگذراندن کامل ۸ جلسه درمان حذف شدند. در‌نهایت، گروه نمونه ۲۴‌نفری زنان بیمار در دو گروه آزمایش (۱۲ نفر) و کنترل (۱۲ نفر) بررسی شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در هر سه مرحله پیش‌آزمون، پس‌آزمون و پیگیری، از مقیاس وسواسی‌اجباری ییل‌براون و پرسش‌نامه سبک‌های هیجان استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌های پژوهش از روش‌آماری آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری (مانکووا) و نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۲ استفاده شد.  یافته ها نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیری نشان داد بین افراد گروه آزمایش و گروه کنترل از لحاظ سبک تنظیم هیجان پنهان‌کاری (۰/۰۱≥P و ۷/۷۰=F) و شدت علائم وسواس (۰/۰۰۱≥P و ۲۰/۸۴=F) در مرحله پس‌آزمون و همچنین، بین زنان بیمار دو گروه از لحاظ سبک‌پنهان‌کاری (۰/۵۰≥P و ۲/۶۰=F) و شدت علائم وسواس (۰/۰۰۱≥P و ۲۹/۹۹=F) در مرحله پیگیری، تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد.  نتیجه گیری به طور کلی نتایج گویای آن است که درمان متمرکز بر هیجان در دو مرحله پس‌آزمون و پیگیری، منجر به افزایش سبک تنظیم هیجان پنهان‌کاری و کاهش شدت علائم وسواس در گروه آزمایش، در مقایسه با گروه کنترل می‌شود؛ ازاین‌رو، روش درمانی مذکور به‌واسطه تمرکز ویژه بر مقوله هیجان، می‌تواند به عنوان روش درمانیِ مؤثری به منظور کاهش علائم وسواس در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال وسواسی‌اجباری مورد توجه قرار گیرد. 2 Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion-focused therapy on emotional regulation styles and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Methods The present study has a quasi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test and control group with follow-up. The statistical population included all women with OCD referring to clinics and counseling centers of Ahvaz City, Iran. In order to select the eligible samples, 30 women were recruited from the patients referred to the treatment centers by convenience sampling method, but some of them were excluded due to discontinuation of treatment sessions. Finally, a sample of 24 patients were evaluated in experimental group (12 subjects) and control group (12 subjects). To collect data, we used the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale and affective styles questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis in SPSS V. 22. Results Multivariate ANOVA test results showed that there was significant difference between test and study groups in terms of concealing style (10.0≥P, 07.7=F) and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (100.0≥P, 84.02=F) after intervention. Moreover, between female patients in both group, a significant difference was found with respect to concealing style (50.0≥P, 06.2=F) and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (100.0≥P, 99.92=F) during follow-up period. Conclusion Based on the results, emotion-focused therapy is an effective treatment to reduce the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD. 356 369 2018/03/27 1397/1/7 2020/03/10 1398/12/20 لیلا شاملی Leila Shameli دکترای روانشناسی، استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سلمان فارسی کازرون، کازرون، ایران. Iran Lshameli29@yahoo.com مهناز مهرابی زاده هنرمند Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand دکترای روانشناسی، استاد، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهیدچمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. Iran عبدالزهرا نعامی Abdozahra Naa'mi دکترای روانشناسی، دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهیدچمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. Iran ایران داودی Iran Davodi دکترای روانشناسی، استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهیدچمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. Iran Emotion-focused therapy Emotion regulation styles Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms اختلال وسواسی‌اجباری درمان متمرکز بر هیجان سبک‌های تنظیم هیجان شدت علائم وسواس American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.##Summerfeldt LJ, Kloosterman PH, Antony MM, Richter MA, Swinson RM. The relationship between miscellaneous symptoms and major symptom factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(12):1453–67. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.09.006] [PMID]##Mennin DS, Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Fresco DM. Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(10):1281-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008] [PMID]##Blair KA, Denham SA, Kochanoff A, Whipple B. Playing it cool: Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers. Journal of School Psychology. 2004; 42(6):419-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsp.2004.10.002]##Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB. The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2010; 32(2):255-63. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-009-9142-4] [PMID] [PMCID]##Aldao A, Nolen Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(2):217-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004] [PMID]##Tong BS. Emotion regulation among individual with obsessive-compulsive disorder [PhD dissertation]. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong; 2011.##Stern MR, Nota JA, Heimberg RG, Holaway RM, Coles ME. An initial examination of emotion regulation and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2014; 3(2):109-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.02.005]##Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through feelings. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2002. [DOI:10.1037/10447-000]##Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: A clinical synthesis. Psychotherapy. 2010; 8(1):32-42. [DOI:10.1176/foc.8.1.foc32]##Mennin DS, Farach F. Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2007; 14(4):329-52. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00094.x]##Soltani M, Shairi MR, Roshan R, Rahimi CH. 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Emotion-focused therapy. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2011.##Ellis A. Psychotherapy and the value of a human being. New York: Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy; 1972.##American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.##Summerfeldt LJ, Kloosterman PH, Antony MM, Richter MA, Swinson RM. The relationship between miscellaneous symptoms and major symptom factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(12):1453–67. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2003.09.006] [PMID]##Mennin DS, Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Fresco DM. Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2005; 43(10):1281-310. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008] [PMID]##Blair KA, Denham SA, Kochanoff A, Whipple B. Playing it cool: Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers. Journal of School Psychology. 2004; 42(6):419-43. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsp.2004.10.002]##Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB. The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2010; 32(2):255-63. [DOI:10.1007/s10862-009-9142-4] [PMID] [PMCID]##Aldao A, Nolen Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010; 30(2):217-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004] [PMID]##Tong BS. Emotion regulation among individual with obsessive-compulsive disorder [PhD dissertation]. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong; 2011.##Stern MR, Nota JA, Heimberg RG, Holaway RM, Coles ME. An initial examination of emotion regulation and obsessive compulsive symptoms. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2014; 3(2):109-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.02.005]##Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through feelings. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2002. [DOI:10.1037/10447-000]##Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: A clinical synthesis. Psychotherapy. 2010; 8(1):32-42. [DOI:10.1176/foc.8.1.foc32]##Mennin DS, Farach F. Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2007; 14(4):329-52. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00094.x]##Soltani M, Shairi MR, Roshan R, Rahimi CH. The impact of emotionally focused therapy on emotional distress in infertile couples. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility. 2014; 7(4):337-44. [PMID]##Greenberg LS. Emotion-focused therapy: A synopsis. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2006; 36(2):87-93. [DOI:10.1007/s10879-006-9011-3]##Sloan DM. Emotion-focused therapy: An interview with Leslie Greenberg. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2004; 34(2):105-16. [DOI:10.1023/B:JOCP.0000022310.34573.b7]##MacKinnon RA, Michels R, Buckley PJ. The psychiatric interview in clinical practice. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2016.##Elliott R. Emotion-focused therapy. In Sanders P, editors. The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centred approach. Wyastone: PCCS Books; 2012.##Carryer JR, Greenberg LS. Optimal levels of emotional arousal in experiential therapy of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2010; 78(2):190-9. [DOI:10.1037/a0018401] [PMID]##Ellison JA, Greenberg LS, Goldman RN, Angus L. Maintenance of gains following experiential therapies for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2009; 77(1):103-12. [DOI:10.1037/a0014653] [PMID]##Shahar B. Emotion-focused therapy for treatment of social anxiety: An overview of the model and a case description. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2014; 21(6):536-47. [PMID]##Pos AE, Greenberg LS., Warwar Sh. Testing a model of change in the experiential treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2009; 77(6):1055-66. [DOI:10.1037/a0017059] [PMID]##Eddy KT, Dutra L, Bradley R, Westen D. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2004; 4(8):1011-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.004] [PMID]##Amani M, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B, Narimani M. [The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among the women 20 to 40 years old of Ardabil city, Western part of Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2013; 15(3):32-41.##Greenberg LS, Johnson S. Emotionally focused couples' therapy. New York: Guilford Press; 1988.##Watson SS, Goldman RN, Greenberg LS. Contrasting two clients in emotion-focused therapy for depression. Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 2011; 2(3):266-364.##Rasooli R, Taghipour E. [Familiarize with Emotion-focused Therapy (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd-e Farhang; 2010.##Goodman WK, Price LH, Rassmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, et al. Yale-brown obsessive-compulsive scale: Development, use and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989; 46(11):1006-11. [DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007] [PMID]##Dadfar M, Bolhari J, Malakooti K, Bayanzade SA. [Prevalence of the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2001; 7(1):27-33.##Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 85(2):348-62. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348]##Kareshki H. [Evaluating factorial structure of emotional styles in students (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2013; 11(3):185-95.##Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. 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اثربخشی شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر استرس ادراک‌شده، نشخوار فکری و دشواری تنظیم هیجانی زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 (پیگیری 3ماهه) The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Ruminative Thoughts, Perceived Stress and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation of Women With Type 2 Diabetes 1 1 اهداف این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثربخشی شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر استرس ادراک‌شده، نشخوار فکری و دشواری تنظیم هیجانی زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع ۲ انجام شد.  مواد و روش ها این مطالعه شبه‌آزمایشی با استفاده از طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل و یک مرحله پیگیری انجام شد. از میان همه بیماران مبتلا به دیابت نوع ۲ عضو هیئت ورزش‌های همگانی استان خراسان شمالی در سال ۱۳۹۶، ۳۰ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. بیماران گروه آزمایش در ۸ جلسه ۱۲۰ دقیقه‌ای در هفته درمان شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی شرکت کردند. داده‌ها با مقیاس استرس ادراک‌شده، سبک پاسخ‌دهی نشخواری و مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان جمع‌آوری شدند.  یافته ها نتایج تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر نشان داد شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی باعث کاهش معنادار نمره‌های بیماران در نشخوار ذهنی (۰/۰۱≥P) و دشواری تنظیم هیجانی به‌جز خرده‌مقیاس آگاهی (۰/۰۱≥P) در پیگیری سه‌ماهه و استرس ادراک‌شده (۰/۰۱≥P)  تا پس‌آزمون شده است.  نتیجه گیری شناخت‌درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی در کاهش نشخوار ذهنی، استرس ادراک‌شده و دشواری تنظیم هیجانی به‌جز خرده‌مقیاس آگاهی در زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع ۲ مؤثر است. 2 Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on ruminative thoughts, perceived stress and difficulties in emotion regulation of women with type 2 diabetes.  Methods This quasi-experimental study was carried out using pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a one-step follow-up. Out of all patients with type 2 diabetes and members of the Public Sports Organization of North Khorasan Province, Iran in 2016, 30 individuals were selected via convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Patients of the experimental group participated in eight 120-minute sessions once per week of MBCT. The study data were obtained by using ruminative responses scale, perceived stress scale and difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Results Results of analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that MBCT leads to significant decrease in ruminative thoughts (P≥0.01) and difficulties in emotion regulation expect for the knowledge subscale (P≥0.01) in the follow up and in perceived stress (P≥0.01) in post-test. Conclusion Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy decreases the ruminative thoughts, difficulties in emotion regulation and perceived stress in women with type 2 diabetes. 370 383 2018/03/272017/12/10 1396/9/19 2020/03/102018/08/14 1397/5/23 بی بی زهره رضوی زاده تبادکان Bi Bi Zohreh Razavizadeh Tabadkan دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بجنورد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران. Iran razavi7585@gmail.com محمود جاجرمی Mahmoud Jajarmi دکترای مشاوره، استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بجنورد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران. Iran jajarmimahmoud96@gmail.com یعقوب وکیلی Yaghoob Vakili دکترای روانشناسی بالینی، استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات روانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان، گرگان، ایران. 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نقش پیش‌بین شخصیت بامدادی‌شامگاهی، انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رضایت زناشوییِ زنان میانسال Predictive Role of Morningness-Eveningness Personality, Cognitive Flexibility and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Marital Satisfaction in Middle-Aged Women 1 1 اهداف شواهد جدید بر نقش مؤثر عوامل فیزیولوژیکی، شناختی و هیجانی در کیفیت رابطه میان زوجین دلالت دارد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی رابطه بین شخصیت بامدادی‌شامگاهی، انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان با رضایت زناشویی در زنان میانسال بود. مواد و روش ها روش پژوهش از نوع همبستگی و جامعه آماری شامل تمام زنان متأهل میانسال (۴۰ تا ۶۰ سال) ساکن شهر مشهد بود. از بین مناطق شهرداری، منطقه ۱ به عنوان نمونه به شیوه تصادفی انتخاب شد و از این منطقه ۲۱۱ زن با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری سیستماتیک انتخاب شدند. هریک از شرکت‌کنندگان این مطالعه، فرم رضایت زناشویی انریچ، پرسش‌نامه انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی، پرسش‌نامه بامدادی‌شامگاهی و نسخه‌ کوتاه پرسش‌نامه نظم‌جویی شناختی هیجان را تکمیل کردند. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها نتایج رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان داد زیرمقیاس‌های ادراک گزینه‌های مختلف، ادارک کنترل‌پذیری و نمره‌ کل انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی توان پیش‌بینی رضایت زناشویی را به صورت مثبت دارند (P<۰/۰۰۱). علاوه بر این، سهم شخصیت بامدادی‌شامگاهی در پیش‌بینی رضایت زناشویی معنادار بود و بامدادی‌بودن زیاد با رضایت زناشویی زیاد همراه بود (P<۰/۰۰۱). همچنین نتایج نشان داد ملامت خویشتن، نشخوارگری، فاجعه‌سازی و ملامت دیگران، به نحو منفی (P<۰/۰۰۱) و پذیرش و دیدگاه‌گیری به نحو مثبت (P<۰/۰۵) رضایت زناشویی را پیش‌بینی می‌کنند. نتیجه گیری یافته‌های این مطالعه ضمن گسترش ادبیات پژوهش، لزوم توجه به ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی، شناختی و هیجانی در برنامه‌های ارتقای روابط زوجین و نیز مشاوره پیش از ازدواج را برجسته می‌سازد.  2 Objectives Recent evidence suggests the effective role of physiological, cognitive and emotional factors in the quality of couple relationships. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between morningness-eveningness personality, Cognitive Flexibility (CF) and Cognitive Rmotion Regulation (CER) with marital satisfaction in middle-aged women. Methods The research method was correlational. Statistical population included all middle-aged married women (40-60 years old) living in Mashhad City, Iran. District 1 was randomly selected as the sample area and 211 women in this district were selected using systematic sampling method. Each participant completed Enrich marital satisfaction scale, cognitive flexibility inventory, morningness-eveningness questionnaire and short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Results Multivariate regression results indicated that alternatives option perception, control perception and total score of cognitive flexibility positively predicts marital satisfaction (P<0.001). Furthermore, the role of a morningness-eveningness personality in predicting marital satisfaction was significant in a way that high scores in morningness matched with high scores in marital satisfaction (P<0.001). The results also indicated that self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blame of others negatively (P<0.001), acceptance and perspective-taking positively predict marital satisfaction (P<0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study, while expanding the literature of the research, highlight the physiological, cognitive and emotional characteristics of marital satisfaction in enrichment programs and premarital counseling. 384 399 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/13 1396/7/21 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/31 1397/5/9 حسین شاره Hossein Shareh دکترای تخصصی، دانشیار، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران. 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[DOI:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38872]##Levandovski R, Dantas G, Fernandes LC, Caumo W, Torres I, Roenneberg T, et al. Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(9):771-8. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2011.602445] [PMID]##Paulina J, Maciej S, Konrad SJ. Similarity in chronotype and preferred time for sex and its role in relationship quality and sexual satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9:443. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00443] [PMID] [PMCID]##Elsey TL. The role of couple sleep concordance in subjective sleep quality: Attachment as a moderator of association [MSc. thesis]. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky; 2018.##Whiting DL, Deane F, Ciarrochi J, McLeod H, Simpson G. Exploring the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological flexibility after acquired brain injury. Brain Injury. 2014; 28(5-6):646-7.##Logue SF, Gould TJ. The neural and genetic basis of executive function: attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2014; 123:45-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.007] [PMID] [PMCID]##Happel MF, Niekisch H, Rivera LL, Ohl FW, Deliano M, Frischknecht R. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014; 111(7):2800-5. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1310272111] [PMID] [PMCID]##Gan Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Shen X. The coping flexibility of neurasthenia and depressive patients. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(5):859-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.006]##Noal S, Levy C, Hardouin A, Rieux C, Heutte N, Ségura C, et al. One-year longitudinal study of fatigue, cognitive functions, and quality of life after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2011; 81(3):795-803.##Kok BE, Fredrickson BL. Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology. 2010; 85(3):432-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Velotti P, Balzarotti S, Tagliabue S, English T, Zavattini GC, Gross JJ. Emotional suppression in early marriage: Actor, partner, and similarity effects on marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2016; 33(3):277-302. [DOI:10.1177/0265407515574466]##Nema S. Effect of marital adjustment in middle-aged adults. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013; 3(9):1-6.##Fowers BJ, Olson DH. ENRICH marital satisfaction scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology. 1993; 7(2):176-85. [DOI:10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176]##Olson DH. Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Life Innovations; 2004.##Mahdavian F. [Fffect of education and relationship on marital satisfaction (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Science; 1996.##Soleimanian A. [Effect of irrational beliefs of marital satisfaction (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Kharazmi University; 1993.##Ameri, F. [Effect of strategical family therapy on marital conflicts (Persian)] [PhD. dessertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2002.##Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2010; 34(3):241-53. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4]##Shareh H, Farmani A, Soltani E. Investigating the reliability and validity of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI-I) among Iranian university students. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2014; 2(1):43-50.##Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology. 1976; 4(2):97-110. [PMID]##Taillard J, Philip P, Chastang JF, Bioulac B. Validation of horne and ostberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire in a middle-aged population of French workers. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 2004; 19(1):76-86. [DOI:10.1177/0748730403259849] [PMID]##Caci H, Deschaux O, Adan A, Natale V. Comparing three morningness scales: Age and gender effects, structure and cut-off criteria. Sleep Medicine. 2009; 10(2):240-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.01.007] [PMID]##Rahafar A, Sadeghi Jujilee M, Sadeghpour A, Mirzaei S. Surveying psychometric features of Persian version of morning-eventide questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Personality. 2013; 2(8):109-22##Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences. 2001; 30(8):1311-27. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]##Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire–development of a short 18- item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 41(6):1045-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010]##Hasani J. [The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2011; 9(4):229-40.##Lee JK, Orsillo SM. Investigating cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of mindfulness in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2014; 45(1):208-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.008] [PMID]##Dietrich A, Kanso R. A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies of creativity and insight. Psychological Bulletin. 2010; 136(5):822. [DOI:10.1037/a0019749] [PMID]##Rittle Johnson B, Star JR. Compared with what? The effects of different comparisons on conceptual knowledge and procedural flexibility for equation solving. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2009; 101(3):529-44. [DOI:10.1037/a0014224]##Geurts HM, Corbett B, Solomon M. The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009; 13(2):74-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Straus MA. Blaming the messenger for the bad news about partner violence by women: The methodological, theoretical, and value basis of the purported invalidity of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2012; 30(5):538-56. [DOI:10.1002/bsl.2023] [PMID]##Canas J, Quesada J, Antolí A, Fajardo I. Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics. 2003; 46(5):482-501. [DOI:10.1080/0014013031000061640] [PMID]##Tzischinsky O, Shochat T. Eveningness, sleep patterns, daytime functioning, and quality of life in Israeli adolescents. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(4):338-43. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2011.560698] [PMID]##Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Roberts RE. Impact of spouses' sleep problems on partners. Sleep. 2004; 27(3):527-31. [DOI:10.1093/sleep/27.3.527] [PMID]##McFadyen TA, Espie CA, McArdle N, Douglas NJ, Engleman HM. Controlled, prospective trial of psychosocial function before and after continuous positive airway pressure therapy. European Respiratory Journal. 2001; 18(6):996-1002. [DOI:10.1183/09031936.01.00209301] [PMID]##Randler C, Barrenstein S, Vollmer C, Díaz Morales JF, Jankowski KS. Women would like their partners to be more synchronized with them in their sleep-wake rhythm. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2014; 17:E70. [DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.72 ] [PMID]##Jankowski KS, Díaz Morales JF, Randler C. Chronotype, gender, and time for sex. Chronobiology International. 2014; 31(8):911-6. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2014.925470] [PMID]##Beninati W, Sanders MH. Optimal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2001; 5(1):7-23. [DOI:10.1053/smrv.2000.0131] [PMID]##Natale V, Esposito MJ, Martoni M, Fabbri M. Validity of the reduced version of the morningness eveningness questionnaire. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2006; 4(1):72-4. [DOI:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00192.x]##Tsaousis I. Circadian preferences and personality traits: A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Personality. 2010; 24(4):356-73. [DOI:10.1002/per.754]##Randler C. Morningness–eveningness, sleep–wake variables and big five personality factors. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008; 45(2):191-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.007]##Dalgleish TL, Johnson SM, Burgess Moser M, Lafontaine MF, Wiebe SA, Tasca GA. Predicting change in marital satisfaction throughout emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2015; 41(3):276-91. [DOI:10.1111/jmft.12101] [PMID]##McRae TR, Dalgleish TL, Johnson SM, Burgess Moser M, Killian KD. Emotion regulation and key change events in emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy. 2014; 13(1):1-24. [DOI:10.1080/15332691.2013.836046]##Yoo SH, Matsumoto D, LeRoux JA. The influence of emotion recognition and emotion regulation on intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2006; 30(3):345-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.006]##Raio CM, Orederu TA, Palazzolo L, Shurick AA, Phelps EA. Cognitive emotion regulation fails the stress test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110(37):15139-44. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1305706110] [PMID] [PMCID]##Falconier MK, Jackson JB, Hilpert P, Bodenmann G. Dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2015; 42:28-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.002] [PMID]##Garnefski N, Baan N, Kraaij V. Psychological distress and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among farmers who fell victim to the foot-and-mouth crisis. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005; 38(6):1317-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.014]##Min JA, Yu JJ, Lee CU, Chae JH. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2013; 54(8):1190-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008] [PMID]##Desrosiers A, Vine V, Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Observing nonreactively: A conditional process model linking mindfulness facets, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014; 165:31-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.024] [PMID]##Bagwell EK. Factors influencing marital satisfaction with a specific focus on depression [MSc. thesis]. Ypsilanti, Michigan: Eastern Michigan University; 2006##Lavner JA, Karney BR, Bradbury TN. Does couples' vommunication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2016; 78(3):680-94. [DOI:10.1111/jomf.12301] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bloch L, Haase CM, Levenson RW. Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives' tale. Emotion. 2014; 14(1):130-44. [DOI:10.1037/a0034272] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lange T, Dimitrov S, Born J. Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010; 1193(1):48-59. [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x] [PMID]##Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2010; 11(8):589-99. [DOI:10.1038/nrn2868] [PMID]##Van Veen MM, Kooij JS, Boonstra AM, Gordijn MC, Van Someren EJ. Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Biological Psychiatry. 2010; 67(11):1091-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.032] [PMID]##Urbán R, Magyaródi T, Rigó A. Morningness-eveningness, chronotypes and health-impairing behaviors in adolescents. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(3):238-47. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2010.549599] [PMID] [PMCID]##Beşoluk Ş, Önder İ, Deveci İ. Morningness-eveningness preferences and academic achievement of university students. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(2):118-25. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2010.540729] [PMID]##Cavallera GM, Giudici S. Morningness and eveningness personality: A survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008; 44(1):3-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.009]##Escribano C, Díaz Morales JF. Sleep habits and chronotype Effects on academic and cognitive performance in Spanish adolescents: A review. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences. 2016; 8(5):17-29. [DOI:10.15345/iojes.2016.05.003]##Díaz Morales JF, Jankowski KS, Vollmer C, Randler C. Morningness and life satisfaction: Further evidence from Spain. Chronobiology International. 2013; 30(10):1283-5. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2013.840786] [PMID]##Prieto PD, Díaz Morales JF, Barreno CE, Mateo MJ, Randler C. Morningness-eveningness and health-related quality of life among adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2012; 15(2):613-23. [DOI:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38872]##Levandovski R, Dantas G, Fernandes LC, Caumo W, Torres I, Roenneberg T, et al. Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(9):771-8. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2011.602445] [PMID]##Paulina J, Maciej S, Konrad SJ. Similarity in chronotype and preferred time for sex and its role in relationship quality and sexual satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9:443. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00443] [PMID] [PMCID]##Elsey TL. The role of couple sleep concordance in subjective sleep quality: Attachment as a moderator of association [MSc. thesis]. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky; 2018.##Whiting DL, Deane F, Ciarrochi J, McLeod H, Simpson G. Exploring the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological flexibility after acquired brain injury. Brain Injury. 2014; 28(5-6):646-7.##Logue SF, Gould TJ. The neural and genetic basis of executive function: attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2014; 123:45-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.007] [PMID] [PMCID]##Happel MF, Niekisch H, Rivera LL, Ohl FW, Deliano M, Frischknecht R. Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014; 111(7):2800-5. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1310272111] [PMID] [PMCID]##Gan Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang S, Shen X. The coping flexibility of neurasthenia and depressive patients. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(5):859-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.006]##Noal S, Levy C, Hardouin A, Rieux C, Heutte N, Ségura C, et al. One-year longitudinal study of fatigue, cognitive functions, and quality of life after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2011; 81(3):795-803.##Kok BE, Fredrickson BL. Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology. 2010; 85(3):432-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.005] [PMID] [PMCID]##Velotti P, Balzarotti S, Tagliabue S, English T, Zavattini GC, Gross JJ. Emotional suppression in early marriage: Actor, partner, and similarity effects on marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2016; 33(3):277-302. [DOI:10.1177/0265407515574466]##Nema S. Effect of marital adjustment in middle-aged adults. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2013; 3(9):1-6.##Fowers BJ, Olson DH. ENRICH marital satisfaction scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology. 1993; 7(2):176-85. [DOI:10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176]##Olson DH. Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Life Innovations; 2004.##Mahdavian F. [Fffect of education and relationship on marital satisfaction (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Science; 1996.##Soleimanian A. [Effect of irrational beliefs of marital satisfaction (Persian)] [MA. thesis]. Tehran: Kharazmi University; 1993.##Ameri, F. [Effect of strategical family therapy on marital conflicts (Persian)] [PhD. dessertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2002.##Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2010; 34(3):241-53. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4]##Shareh H, Farmani A, Soltani E. Investigating the reliability and validity of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI-I) among Iranian university students. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2014; 2(1):43-50.##Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology. 1976; 4(2):97-110. [PMID]##Taillard J, Philip P, Chastang JF, Bioulac B. Validation of horne and ostberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire in a middle-aged population of French workers. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 2004; 19(1):76-86. [DOI:10.1177/0748730403259849] [PMID]##Caci H, Deschaux O, Adan A, Natale V. Comparing three morningness scales: Age and gender effects, structure and cut-off criteria. Sleep Medicine. 2009; 10(2):240-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.01.007] [PMID]##Rahafar A, Sadeghi Jujilee M, Sadeghpour A, Mirzaei S. Surveying psychometric features of Persian version of morning-eventide questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Personality. 2013; 2(8):109-22##Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences. 2001; 30(8):1311-27. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6]##Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire–development of a short 18- item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 41(6):1045-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010]##Hasani J. [The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2011; 9(4):229-40.##Lee JK, Orsillo SM. Investigating cognitive flexibility as a potential mechanism of mindfulness in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2014; 45(1):208-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.008] [PMID]##Dietrich A, Kanso R. A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies of creativity and insight. Psychological Bulletin. 2010; 136(5):822. [DOI:10.1037/a0019749] [PMID]##Rittle Johnson B, Star JR. Compared with what? The effects of different comparisons on conceptual knowledge and procedural flexibility for equation solving. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2009; 101(3):529-44. [DOI:10.1037/a0014224]##Geurts HM, Corbett B, Solomon M. The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009; 13(2):74-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006] [PMID] [PMCID]##Straus MA. Blaming the messenger for the bad news about partner violence by women: The methodological, theoretical, and value basis of the purported invalidity of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2012; 30(5):538-56. [DOI:10.1002/bsl.2023] [PMID]##Canas J, Quesada J, Antolí A, Fajardo I. Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics. 2003; 46(5):482-501. [DOI:10.1080/0014013031000061640] [PMID]##Tzischinsky O, Shochat T. Eveningness, sleep patterns, daytime functioning, and quality of life in Israeli adolescents. Chronobiology International. 2011; 28(4):338-43. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2011.560698] [PMID]##Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Roberts RE. Impact of spouses' sleep problems on partners. Sleep. 2004; 27(3):527-31. [DOI:10.1093/sleep/27.3.527] [PMID]##McFadyen TA, Espie CA, McArdle N, Douglas NJ, Engleman HM. Controlled, prospective trial of psychosocial function before and after continuous positive airway pressure therapy. European Respiratory Journal. 2001; 18(6):996-1002. [DOI:10.1183/09031936.01.00209301] [PMID]##Randler C, Barrenstein S, Vollmer C, Díaz Morales JF, Jankowski KS. Women would like their partners to be more synchronized with them in their sleep-wake rhythm. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2014; 17:E70. [DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.72 ] [PMID]##Jankowski KS, Díaz Morales JF, Randler C. Chronotype, gender, and time for sex. Chronobiology International. 2014; 31(8):911-6. [DOI:10.3109/07420528.2014.925470] [PMID]##Beninati W, Sanders MH. Optimal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2001; 5(1):7-23. [DOI:10.1053/smrv.2000.0131] [PMID]##Natale V, Esposito MJ, Martoni M, Fabbri M. Validity of the reduced version of the morningness eveningness questionnaire. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2006; 4(1):72-4. [DOI:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00192.x]##Tsaousis I. Circadian preferences and personality traits: A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Personality. 2010; 24(4):356-73. [DOI:10.1002/per.754]##Randler C. Morningness–eveningness, sleep–wake variables and big five personality factors. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008; 45(2):191-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.007]##Dalgleish TL, Johnson SM, Burgess Moser M, Lafontaine MF, Wiebe SA, Tasca GA. Predicting change in marital satisfaction throughout emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2015; 41(3):276-91. [DOI:10.1111/jmft.12101] [PMID]##McRae TR, Dalgleish TL, Johnson SM, Burgess Moser M, Killian KD. Emotion regulation and key change events in emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy. 2014; 13(1):1-24. [DOI:10.1080/15332691.2013.836046]##Yoo SH, Matsumoto D, LeRoux JA. The influence of emotion recognition and emotion regulation on intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2006; 30(3):345-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.006]##Raio CM, Orederu TA, Palazzolo L, Shurick AA, Phelps EA. Cognitive emotion regulation fails the stress test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013; 110(37):15139-44. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.1305706110] [PMID] [PMCID]##Falconier MK, Jackson JB, Hilpert P, Bodenmann G. Dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2015; 42:28-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.002] [PMID]##Garnefski N, Baan N, Kraaij V. Psychological distress and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among farmers who fell victim to the foot-and-mouth crisis. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005; 38(6):1317-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.014]##Min JA, Yu JJ, Lee CU, Chae JH. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2013; 54(8):1190-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008] [PMID]##Desrosiers A, Vine V, Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Observing nonreactively: A conditional process model linking mindfulness facets, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014; 165:31-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.024] [PMID]## ##

مدل‌سازی معادله‌های ساختاریِ تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی و افسردگی و اختلال اضطراب فراگیر: بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای نشخوار فکری Structural Equation Modeling of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Symptoms of Depression and General Anxiety Disorder: Investigation of the Mediating Role of Rumination 1 1 اهداف اختلال اضطراب فراگیر و افسردگی، یکی از اختلال‌های شایع در دوره‌ کودکی و بزرگسالی است و مشکلات زیادی در حوزه‌ سلامت به همراه دارد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای نشخوار فکری در رابطه بین تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی با علائم افسردگی و اختلال اضطراب فراگیر است. مواد و روش ها طرح این پژوهش، از نوع توصیفی همبستگی است. برای این منظور، ۲۵۰ نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای انتخاب شدند و به پرسش‌نامه‌های تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی داگاس، مقیاس نشخوار فکری نالن هاکسما، مقیاس افسردگی بک و مقیاس اضطراب فراگیر که در اختیار آن‌ها گذاشته شده بود، پاسخ دادند. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری انجام شد. همچنین برای طبقه‌بندی، پردازش و تحلیل داده‌ها و بررسی فرضیه‌های پژوهش از نرم‌افزارهای آماری SPSS نسخه ۲۲ و Lisrel ۸/۸۵ استفاده شد. یافته ها ارزیابی مدل فرضی پژوهش با استفاده از شاخص‌های برازندگی نشان داد مدل فرضی با مدل اندازه‌گیری، برازش دارد  ۰/۹۸=NFI=۰/۹۶  - CFI  RMSEA=۰/۶۰  . نتایج نشان داد تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی به صورت غیرمستقیم از طریق نشخوار فکری بر افسردگی و همچنین به صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر اختلال اضطراب فراگیر تأثیر دارد. نتیجه گیری می‌توان بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، نتیجه گرفت نشخوار فکری در رابطه بین تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی و علائم افسردگی و اضطراب فراگیر نقش واسطه‌ای دارد. توجه به این سازوکارِ تأثیر، می‌تواند در تدوین مداخلات پیشگیرانه و درمانی کارآمد برای اختلال افسردگی و اضطراب فراگیر مؤثر باشد. 2 Objectives Generalized anxiety disorder and depression, one of the common problems in childhood and adulthood is associated with many problems in the field of health. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of rumination in the relationship among Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) and symptoms of depression and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods In this descriptive correlational study, a sample of 250 students from Iran University of Medical Sciences were selected using cluster sampling method. The participants responded to intolerance of uncertainty scale and rumination scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire Inventory-revised (GAD-Q-IV), and Beck depression inventory. The obtained data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). For statistical analysis, SPSS V. 22 and LISREL 85.9 were used to classify, process, and analyze the data and to investigate the hypotheses of the research. Results The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.98, NFI=0.96, and RMSEA=0.060). Structural relations analysis also indicated intolerance of uncertainty indirectly through rumination over depression and directly and indirectly general anxiety disorder. Conclusion Thus, based on the current research findings, rumination has a mediating role in relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of depression and general anxiety disorder. Considering these dimensions, the employed mechanisms can be useful in developing efficacious preventive and therapeutic interventions for depression. 400 415 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/132018/03/4 1396/12/13 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/312018/08/7 1397/5/16 قاسم عبدل پور Ghasem Abdolpour دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی بالینی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران. Iran g.marand@yahoo.com محمد نصیری Mohammad Nasiri دانشجوی دکترای روانشناسی سلامت، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. Iran mohammad.nasiritb@gmail.com محراب مفاخری Mehrab Mafakheri کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری و سلامت روان (انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران،) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran mehrabmafakheri72@gmail.com کامیار منصوری Kamyar Mansouri کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری و سلامت روان (انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران،) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran mansouri.k@tak.iums.ac.ir رضا عبدی Reza Abdi دکترای روانشناسی، استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. Iran reza.abdi70@yahoo.com Intolerance of Uncertainty Rumination Depression Anxiety disorder Structural Equation Modeling تحمل‌نکردن بلاتکلیفی نشخوار فکری افسردگی اختلال اضطرابی مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. 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Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984; 46(4):877-91. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.877] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2008; 3(5):400-24. [DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x] [PMID]##Marroquín BM, Fontes M, Scilletta A, Miranda R. Ruminative subtypes and coping responses: Active and passive pathways to depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion. 2010; 24(8):1446-55. [DOI:10.1080/02699930903510212]##Dugas MJ, RobichaudM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: From science to practice. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis; 2007.##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.##Shihata S, McEvoy PM, Mullan BA. Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2017; 45:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.001] [PMID]##American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.##Kessler R, Walters E, Wittchen HU. Epidemiology. In: Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Mennin DS, editors. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2004.##Ehsanmanesh M. [Epidemiology of mental disorders in Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2001; 6(4):54-70.##Omidi A, Tabatabai A, Sazvar A, Akkashe G. [Epidemiology of mental disorders in urbanized areas of Natanz (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2003; 8(4):32-8.##Brain C. Advance psychology: Application, issues and perspective. Cheltenham: Nelson Thorenes; 2002.##Al Hamzawi AO, Bruffaerts R, Bromet EJ, AlKhafaji AM, Kessler RC. The epidemiology of major depressive episode in the Iraqi general population. PLOS One. 2015; 10(7):e0131937.##Boelen PA, Reijntjes A. Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2009; 23(1):130-5.##Agheli F, Hasanzadeh R, Ghasemian D. [Compare of intolerance of uncertainty among obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and healthy subjects (Persian)]. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences. 2013; 2(2):896-9.##Buhr K, Dugas MJ. Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2006; 20(2):222-36.##Dugas MJ, Robichaud M. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: From science to practice. New York: Routledge; 2007.##Freeston MH, Rhéaume J, Letarte H, Dugas MJ, Ladouceur R. Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences. 1994; 17(6):791-802. [DOI:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5]##Holaway RM, Heimberg RG, Coles ME. A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2006; 20(2):158-74.##Dugas MJ, Buhr K, Ladouceur R. The role of intolerance of uncertainty in the etiology and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder. In: Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Mennin DS, editors. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2003.##Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Mennin DS. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2004.##de Jong Meyer R, Beck B, Riede K. Relationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 46(4):547-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.010]##Ward A, Lyubomirsky S, Sousa L, Nolen Hoeksema S. Can't quite commit: Rumination and uncertainty. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003; 29(1):96-107. [DOI:10.1177/0146167202238375]##Hartley S, Haddock G, e Sa DV, Emsley R, Barrowclough C. An experience sampling study of worry and rumination in psychosis. Psychological Medicine. 2014; 44(8):1605-14. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291713002080] [PMID]##Wolkenstein L, Zwick JC, Hautzinger M, Joormann J. Cognitive emotion regulation in euthymic bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014; 160:92-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.022 ] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema S, Davis CG. Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999; 77(4):801. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.801] [PMID]##Nolen Hoeksema S. The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000; 109(3):504-11. [DOI:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504]##Mansouri A, Farnam AR, Bakhshipour Rodsari A, Mahmood-Aliloo M. [Comparisons between rumination in Individual with major depresion disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder. General Anxiety Disorder and normal persons (Persian)]. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 4:26-9.##Pearson M, Brewin CR, Rhodes J, McCarron C. Frequency and nature of rumination in chronic depression: A preliminary study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2008; 37(3):160-8. [DOI:10.1080/16506070801919224] [PMID]##Papageorgiou C, Wells A. Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behaviour Therapy. 2001; 32(1):13-26.##Watkins E, Baracaia S. Why do people ruminate in dysphoric moods? Personality and Individual Differences. 2001; 30(5):723-34.##Dugas MJ, schewartz A, Francis K. Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2004; 28(6):835-42. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0]##Ladouceur R, Gosselin P, Dugas MJ. Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2000; 38(9):933-41.##Grenier S, Ladouceur R. [Manipulation de Intolerance al Incertitude et Inquietudes (French)]. Revue Comedienne Dessciences du Comportment. 2004; 36(1):56-65.##Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments-revisited. Focus. 2004; 168(3):68-425.##Buhr K, Dugas MJ. The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002; 40(8):931-45.##Sexton KA, Norton PJ, Walker JR, Norton GR. Hierarchical model of generalized and specific vulnerabilities in anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2003; 32(2):82-94.##Muris P, Roelofs J, Meesters C, Boomsma P. Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2004; 28(4):539-54.##Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001; 158(6):848-56. [DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.848]##Frazier PA, Tix AP, Barron KE. Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2004; 51(1):115-34. [DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115]##Spasojević J, Alloy LB. Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression. Emotion. 2001;1(1):25-37. [DOI:10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.25] [PMID]##Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford; 2010.##Newman MG, Zuellig AR, Kachin KE, Constantino MJ, Przeworski A, Erickson T, et al. 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میزان دسترسی به تلفن همراه و شیوع استفاده از آن برای تبادل مفاهیم جنسی در بین دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی شهر رفسنجان، سال 1394 Mobile Access and Sexting Prevalence in High School Students in Rafsanjan City, Iran in 2015 1 1 اهداف ارتقای تکنولوژی‌های ارتباطات الکترونیکی در کنار فواید و منافع آن، نوجوانان را با خطرات و تهدیدهای جدید روبه‌رو کرده است. در حیطه تلفن همراه یکی از این تهدیدها روبه‌رو‌شدن و درگیر‌شدن نوجوانان با دریافت و ارسال پیامک‌های حاوی مفاهیم و تصاویر جنسی است. این تحقیق به منظور تعیین دسترسی به تلفن همراه و شیوع استفاده از آن برای رد‌و‌بدل‌کردن پیامک‌هایی با مفاهیم و تصاویر جنسی در نوجوانان دبیرستانی شهر رفسنجان انجام شد. مواد و روش ها این مطالعه پژوهشی توصیفی‌مقطعی بود که بر دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر دبیرستانی شهر رفسنجان انجام شد. روش نمونه‌گیری، خوشه‌ای طبقه‌ای و ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، پرسش‌نامه‌ای حاوی اطلاعات مربوط به دسترسی به تلفن همراه و کمیت و کیفیت استفاده از آن برای ردوبدل‌کردن پیامک بود. داده‌ها وارد نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۳ شده و با آزمون‌های آماری تی تست و کای اسکوئر تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها از مجموع ۹۹۴ نفر نمونه‌های پژوهش، فقط ۱۰/۹ درصد تلفن همراه نداشتند. ۶۲/۷ درصد واحدهای پژوهش به تلفن همراه هوشمند و خدمات اینترنتی دسترسی داشتند. ۳۴/۷ درصد در شش ماه گذشته پیامک حاوی تصاویر یا مفاهیم جنسی دریافت کردند و ۱۵/۷ درصد چنین پیامکی فرستاده بودند. بین دریافت (P<۰/۰۰۰۱) و ارسال (P<۰/۰۰۰۱) پیامک جنسی با تعداد کل پیامک فرستاده‌شده در روز ارتباط معنی‌دار آماری به دست آمد. نتیجه گیری دسترسی به تلفن همراه بین نوجوانان ایرانی، گسترده و استفاده از این وسیله برای رد‌و‌بدل‌کردن مفاهیم و تصاویر جنسی در نوجوانان شایع است. همچنین دسترسی و استفاده از تلفن همراه نوجوانان را با خطرات ارتباط پرخطر با جنس مخالف روبه‌رو می کند. و لزوم مداخله والدین و برنامه ریزی برای آموزش والدین را آشکار می‌کند. 2 Objectives Advances in the electronic communication technologies, despite a lot of benefits, have exposed the youth to some threats such as sexting. This study aimed to determine the youth access to mobile phone and the prevalence of sexting in high school students in Rafsanjan City, Iran. Methods The study was a cross-sectional local survey of 944 high school students in Rafsanjan using stratified cluster sampling method. The survey tool was a questionnaire of texting and sexting quantity and quality. The obtained data entered the SPSS V. 16 and analyzed using Chi square and t-test. Results Out of 994 samples, 10.9% did not access to mobile phone. About 62.7% of samples had smart phones and internet access via mobile phones. In last six months, 34.7% of samples had sent sext and 15.7% had received sext. There was a statistical significant relationship between sending (P<0.0001) and receiving sext (P<0.0001) and the total number of texting per day. Conclusion Iranian youths have a wide access to mobile phones and sexting is prevalent among them. Such situation would expose them to threats and dangers in sexual interactions and calls for parents’ supervision and plan for parenting education. 416 425 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/132018/03/42017/08/25 1396/6/3 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/312018/08/72018/08/1 1397/5/10 زهره قرشی Zohreh Ghorashi دکترای سلامت باروری، استادیار، گروه مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت سالمندی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران. Iran zghorashi@yahoo.com مرضیه لری پور Marzeyeh Loripoor دکترای سلامت باروری، استادیار، گروه مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت سالمندی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران. Iran marzeyehloripoor@yahoo.com سیده مریم لطفی پور رفسنجانی Seyede Maryam Lotfipur-Rafsanjani کارشناس ارشد بهداشت مادر و کودک، گروه مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، مرکز تحقیقات و مراقبت سالمندی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران. Iran maryam_lotfypur@yahoo.com Students Text messaging Sexting دانش‌آموزان پیامک ارسال مفاهیم و تصاویر جنسی Houck C, Barker D, Rizzo C, Hancock E, Norton A, Brown L. Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(2):276-82. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-1157] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bailin A, Milanaik R, Adesman A. Health implications of new age technologies for adolescents: A review of the research. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2014; 26(5):605-19. [DOI:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000140] [PMID]##Madden M, Lenhart A, Duggan M, Cortesi S, Gasser U. Teenagers and technology 2013 [Internet]. 2013 [Updated 2013 March 13]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/##Lenhart A. Teens, smart phones & texting [Internet]. 2012 [Updated 2012 March 19]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/19/teens-smartphones-texting/##Couts A. Sextin, retweet and woot added to the Oxford English Dictionary [Internet]. 2011 [Updated 2011 August 18]. Available from: https://www.digitaltrends.com/web/sexting-retweet-and-woot-added-to-the-oxford-english-dictionary/##Atadokht A, hamidifa V, mohammadi E. [Over-use and type of mobile phone users in high school students and its relationship with academic performance and achievement motivation (Persian)]. School Psychology Digest. 2014; 3(2):122-36.##Khazaie T, Saadatjoo A, Dormohamadi S, Soleimani M, Toosinia M, Mullah Hassan Zadeh F. [Prevalence of mobile dependency and adolescence aggression (Persian)]. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 19(4):430-8.##Moidfar S, Ganji A. [An analysis of the various functions of the mobile phone practiced by high school male and female students in Tehran (Persian)]. Global Media Journal. 2009; 8(4):79-103.##Medrano JLJ, Lopez Rosales F, Gámez-Guadix M. Assessing the links of sexting, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation among university students. Archives of Suicide Research. 2018; 22(1):153-64. [DOI:10.1080/13811118.2017.1304304] [PMID]##Rice E, Craddock J, Hemler M, Rusow J, Plant A, Montoya J, et al. Associations between sexting behaviors and sexual behaviors among mobile phone-owning teens in Los Angeles. Child Development. 2018; 89(1):110-7. [DOI:10.1111/cdev.12837] [PMID]##Temple JR, Paul JA, van den Berg P, Le VD, McElhany A, Temple BW. Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2012; 166(9):828-33. [DOI:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835] [PMID] [PMCID]##Temple JR, Choi H. Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior. Pediatrics. 2014; 134(5):e1287-92. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2014-1974] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dir AL, Cyders MA. Risks, risk factors, and outcomes associated with phone and internet sexting among university students in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2015; 44(6):1675-84. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-014-0370-7] [PMID]##Smith LW, Liu B, Degenhardt L, Richters J, Patton G, Wand H, et al. Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health. 2016; 13(6):501-15. [DOI:10.1071/SH16037] [PMCID]##Strassberg DS, Cann D, Velarde V. Sexting by high school students. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2017; 46(6):1667-72. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-016-0926-9] [PMID]##Kalamar AM, Bayer AM, Hindin MJ. Interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, among young people in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the published and gray literature. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016; 59(3):S22-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.020]##Kahn NF, Halpern CT. Associations between patterns of sexual initiation, sexual partnering, and sexual health outcomes from adolescence to early adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2018; 47(6):1791-810.[DOI:10.1007/s10508-018-1176-9]##Mahat G, Scoloveno MA. Effectiveness of adolescent peer education programs on reducing HIV/STI risk: An integrated review. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice. 2018; 32(2):168-98. [DOI:10.1891/1541-6577.32.2.168] [PMID]##Sperhacke RD, da Motta LR, Kato SK, Vanni AC, Paganella MP, de Oliveira MC, et al. HIV prevalence and sexual behavior among young male conscripts in the Brazilian army, 2016. Medicine. 2018; 97(1S):S25-S31. [DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009014] [PMID] [PMCID]##American Academy of Pediatrics. Talking to Kids and Teens About Social Media and Sexting -Tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2013 [Updated 2013 May 31]. Available from: https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/Pages/Talking-to-Kids-and-Teens-About-Social-Media-and-Sexting.aspx##Houck C, Barker D, Rizzo C, Hancock E, Norton A, Brown L. Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(2):276-82. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-1157] [PMID] [PMCID]##Bailin A, Milanaik R, Adesman A. Health implications of new age technologies for adolescents: A review of the research. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2014; 26(5):605-19. [DOI:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000140] [PMID]##Madden M, Lenhart A, Duggan M, Cortesi S, Gasser U. Teenagers and technology 2013 [Internet]. 2013 [Updated 2013 March 13]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/##Lenhart A. Teens, smart phones & texting [Internet]. 2012 [Updated 2012 March 19]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/19/teens-smartphones-texting/##Couts A. Sextin, retweet and woot added to the Oxford English Dictionary [Internet]. 2011 [Updated 2011 August 18]. Available from: https://www.digitaltrends.com/web/sexting-retweet-and-woot-added-to-the-oxford-english-dictionary/##Atadokht A, hamidifa V, mohammadi E. [Over-use and type of mobile phone users in high school students and its relationship with academic performance and achievement motivation (Persian)]. School Psychology Digest. 2014; 3(2):122-36.##Khazaie T, Saadatjoo A, Dormohamadi S, Soleimani M, Toosinia M, Mullah Hassan Zadeh F. [Prevalence of mobile dependency and adolescence aggression (Persian)]. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 19(4):430-8.##Moidfar S, Ganji A. [An analysis of the various functions of the mobile phone practiced by high school male and female students in Tehran (Persian)]. Global Media Journal. 2009; 8(4):79-103.##Medrano JLJ, Lopez Rosales F, Gámez-Guadix M. Assessing the links of sexting, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation among university students. Archives of Suicide Research. 2018; 22(1):153-64. [DOI:10.1080/13811118.2017.1304304] [PMID]##Rice E, Craddock J, Hemler M, Rusow J, Plant A, Montoya J, et al. Associations between sexting behaviors and sexual behaviors among mobile phone-owning teens in Los Angeles. Child Development. 2018; 89(1):110-7. [DOI:10.1111/cdev.12837] [PMID]##Temple JR, Paul JA, van den Berg P, Le VD, McElhany A, Temple BW. Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2012; 166(9):828-33. [DOI:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835] [PMID] [PMCID]##Temple JR, Choi H. Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior. Pediatrics. 2014; 134(5):e1287-92. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2014-1974] [PMID] [PMCID]##Dir AL, Cyders MA. Risks, risk factors, and outcomes associated with phone and internet sexting among university students in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2015; 44(6):1675-84. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-014-0370-7] [PMID]##Smith LW, Liu B, Degenhardt L, Richters J, Patton G, Wand H, et al. Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health. 2016; 13(6):501-15. [DOI:10.1071/SH16037] [PMCID]##Strassberg DS, Cann D, Velarde V. Sexting by high school students. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2017; 46(6):1667-72. [DOI:10.1007/s10508-016-0926-9] [PMID]##Kalamar AM, Bayer AM, Hindin MJ. Interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, among young people in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the published and gray literature. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016; 59(3):S22-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.020]##Kahn NF, Halpern CT. Associations between patterns of sexual initiation, sexual partnering, and sexual health outcomes from adolescence to early adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2018; 47(6):1791-810.[DOI:10.1007/s10508-018-1176-9]##Mahat G, Scoloveno MA. Effectiveness of adolescent peer education programs on reducing HIV/STI risk: An integrated review. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice. 2018; 32(2):168-98. [DOI:10.1891/1541-6577.32.2.168] [PMID]##Sperhacke RD, da Motta LR, Kato SK, Vanni AC, Paganella MP, de Oliveira MC, et al. HIV prevalence and sexual behavior among young male conscripts in the Brazilian army, 2016. Medicine. 2018; 97(1S):S25-S31. [DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009014] [PMID] [PMCID]##American Academy of Pediatrics. Talking to Kids and Teens About Social Media and Sexting -Tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics [Internet]. 2013 [Updated 2013 May 31]. Available from: https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/Pages/Talking-to-Kids-and-Teens-About-Social-Media-and-Sexting.aspx## ##

تبیین ویژگی‌های محیط کالبدی و عصب‌روان‌شناختی در ادراک محیطی مبتلایان به دمانس از نوع آلزایمر Relationship Between Neuropsychological and Physical Environmental Perception in Patients With Dementia and Alzheimer Disease 1 1 اهداف این مطالعه، ویژگی‌های محیط کالبدی و تبیین آن را در الگوی معماری مبتنی بر عصب‌روان‌شناختی بررسی می‌کند تا بتواند پاسخ‌گوی نیازهای مرتبط با فرایندهای ذهنی (احساس، ادراک، حافظه و سازمان‌بندی رفتار هدفمند و تطابقی با محیط) مبتلایان به دمانس از نوع آلزایمر باشد.  مواد و روش ها مطالعه حاضر با نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از مبتلایان به آلزایمر با روش پژوهش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و شیوه تحلیل محتوای کیفی (استقرایی) از ۹ مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختار‌یافته و متون پژوهشی مرتبط انجام شده است. از میان ۶ بیمار انتخاب‌شده، پس از آزمون‌های تعیین سطح بیماری، ۴ نفر انتخاب شدند. برای تکمیل مفاهیم، با ۵ نفر از مراقبان بیماران نیز مصاحبه شد. یافته ها تحلیل محتوای مصاحبه­‌ها شامل ۲۸ کد استخراج شده اولیه، ۳ زیرطبقه شامل بی‌تفاوتی به عناصر محیطی، تمایل حضور در مکان‌های آشنا و استرس‌زا بودن محیط‌های نا‌آشنا و طبقه مرکزی با مفهوم «ادراک محیطی» استخراج ‌شد. نتیجه گیری تبیین ویژگی‌های محیط کالبدی و عصب‌روان‌شناختی به صورت همزمان می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در ایجاد محیط سکونتی، مراقبتی و درمانی این مبتلایان داشته باشد. ازاین‌رو، به‌کارگیری نشانه‌های حسی محیط در کاهش اختلالات رفتاری اثربخش است. بنابراین، ادراک محیطی قوی‌تر به معنای وجود برهم‌کنش بیشتر میان ابعاد مختلف محیط (کالبدی و عصب‌روان‌شناختی) است.  2 Objectives The current study examines the features of the physical environment affecting environmental perception and tries to explain paradigm of architecture based on the neuropsychological features. This paper investigates the relationship between the two aspects of the physical and neuropsychological environment in the patients with dementia Alzheimer’s type in order to meet the needs of the mental processes (sensation, perception, memory, and the organization of targeted behavior and adaptation to the environment for executive functions). Methods This study was conducted by inductive content analysis method based on 9 semi-structured interviews and inductive content analysis from related literature.  Results Environmental perception was found as category based on two inductive content analyses. Moreover, 28 concepts of first level concepts (coding) and three concepts of “indifference to the elements in the physical environment”, “willingness to attend familiar places” and “stressors in unfamiliar places” as subcategories were obtained from semi-structured interviews.  Conclusion Explaining the features of the physical environment combined with neuropsychological environment can play a significant role in creating the habitat, care and treatment environment of these patients. Therefore, the sensory cue of the environment is effective in reducing behavioral disorders. Also, the perception of a more powerful environment means a greater interaction between these two dimensions of the environment. 426 443 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/132018/03/42017/08/252018/02/27 1396/12/8 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/312018/08/72018/08/12020/03/10 1398/12/20 سیما منصوری Sima Mansoori دکترای معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran s_mansouri@cmps2.iust.ac.ir فرهنگ مظفر Farhang Mozaffar دانشیار معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran f.mozaffar@aui.ac.ir مریم نوروزیان Maryam Noroozian استاد نرولوژی، گروه روانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران. Iran mnoroozi@tums.ac.ir محسن فیضی Mohsen Faizi استاد معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran mfaizi@iust.ac.ir حسن عشایری Hassan Ashayeri استاد عصب شناسی، گروه علوم پایه و توانبخشی، دانشکده علوم توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران Iran ashayerih.neuroscientist@yahoo.com Perception Physical environment Dementia Alzheimer disease Neuropsychology ادراک محیط کالبدی دمانس آلزایمر عصب‌روان‌شناختی Sung HC, Chang AM. Use of preferred music to decrease agitated behaviors in older people with dementia: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2005; 14(9):1133-40. [DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2005. 01218. x] [PMID]##Lawton MP. The physical environment of the person with Alzheimer's disease. Aging & Mental Health. 2001; 5(supl. 1):56-64. [PMID]##Mallgrave HF. The Architects Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity, and Architecture [ K Mardomi, S Ebrahimi, Persian trans.]. Tehran: Honar-E Memari Publication; 2017.##Brocki KC, Bohlin G. Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 26(2):571-93. [DOI:10. 1207/s15326942dn2602_3] [PMID]##Kaplan S, Berman MG. Directed attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2010; 5(1):43-57. [DOI:10. 1177/1745691609356784] [PMID]##Kaplan S. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1995; 15(3):169-82. [DOI:10. 1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2]##Atchley P, Warden AC. The need of young adults to text now: Using delay discounting to assess informational choice. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2012; 1(4):229-34. [DOI:10. 1016/j. jarmac. 2012. 09. 001]##Biren, AB. Spatial manifestations of the human psyche. Paper presented at: 2014 ANFA Conference. 23 July 2014; San Diego, California.##Pasqualini I, Blanke O. The architectonic self: own body perception and feelings in architectonic space. Cognitive Processing. 2012; 13: S27-S27.##Sarmad Z, Bazargan A, Hejazi E. [Research methods in behavioral sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Agah; 2015.##Heydari SH. [Introduction to research method in architecture (Persian)]. Tehran: Fekre Now; 2014.##Cho JY, Lee EH. Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. The Qualitative Report. 2014; 19(32):1-20.##Delavar, A. [Theoretical and practical principle of research in humanities and social sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd; 2013.##Javadi PS, Zendehbad A, Darabi F, Khosravifar S, Noroozian M. Development and implementation of Persian test of Elderly for Assessment of Cognition and Executive function (PEACE). Electronic Physician. 2015; 7(7):1549-56. [DOI:10. 19082/1549]##Eberhard JP. Applying neuroscience to architecture. Neuron. 2009; 62(6):753-6. [DOI:10. 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 06. 001] [PMID]##Sternberg EM. Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2010.##Armony J, Vuilleumier P. The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. [DOI:10. 1017/CBO9780511843716]##Sternberg EM, Wilson MA. Neuroscience and architecture: Seeking common ground. Cell. 2006; 127(2):239-42. [DOI:10. 1016/j. cell. 2006. 10. 012] [PMID]##Epstein R, Harris A, Stanley D, Kanwisher N. The para hippocampal place area: Recognition, navigation, or encoding? Neuron. 1999; 23(1):115-25. [DOI:10. 1016/S0896-6273(00)80758-8]##Zeisel J. Evidence-based design in coordinated health treatment. Journal of Evidence-Based Design as Health Treatment. 2003; 35-43.##Lee AK, Wilson MA. Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron. 2002; 36(6):1183-94. [DOI:10. 1016/S0896-6273(02)01096-6]##Edelstein RS, Ghetti S, Quas JA, Goodman GS, Alexander KW, Redlich AD, et al. Individual differences in emotional memory: Adult attachment and long-term memory for child sexual abuse. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2005; 31(11):1537-48. [DOI:10. 1177/0146167205277095] [PMID]##Bangs L. Psychotic reactions and carburetor dung: The work of a legendary critic: Rock'N'Roll as literature and literature as Rock'N'Roll. New York: Anchor; 2013.##Taube JS. Head direction cells and the neurophysiological basis for a sense of direction. Progress in Neurobiology. 1998; 55(3):225-56. [DOI:10. 1016/S0301-0082(98)00004-5]##Konorski J. Integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1967.##Merriman NA, Ondřej J, Roudaia E, O'Sullivan C, Newell FN. Familiar environments enhance object and spatial memory in both younger and older adults. Experimental Brain Research. 2016; 234(6):1555-74. [DOI:10. 1007/s00221-016-4557-0] [PMID]##Collier L, Truman J. Exploring the multi-sensory environment as a leisure resource for people with complex neurological disabilities. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008; 23(4):361-7. [PMID]##Mansoori S, Faizi M, Ashayeri H. [New discourse in architecture; Architecture of Neuropsychology (Persian)]. Soffeh. 2018; 28(80):25-40.##Sung HC, Chang AM. Use of preferred music to decrease agitated behaviors in older people with dementia: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2005; 14(9):1133-40. [DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2005. 01218. x] [PMID]##Lawton MP. The physical environment of the person with Alzheimer's disease. Aging & Mental Health. 2001; 5(supl. 1):56-64. [PMID]##Mallgrave HF. The Architects Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity, and Architecture [ K Mardomi, S Ebrahimi, Persian trans.]. Tehran: Honar-E Memari Publication; 2017.##Brocki KC, Bohlin G. Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 26(2):571-93. [DOI:10. 1207/s15326942dn2602_3] [PMID]##Kaplan S, Berman MG. Directed attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2010; 5(1):43-57. [DOI:10. 1177/1745691609356784] [PMID]##Kaplan S. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1995; 15(3):169-82. [DOI:10. 1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2]##Atchley P, Warden AC. The need of young adults to text now: Using delay discounting to assess informational choice. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2012; 1(4):229-34. [DOI:10. 1016/j. jarmac. 2012. 09. 001]##Biren, AB. Spatial manifestations of the human psyche. Paper presented at: 2014 ANFA Conference. 23 July 2014; San Diego, California.##Pasqualini I, Blanke O. The architectonic self: own body perception and feelings in architectonic space. Cognitive Processing. 2012; 13: S27-S27.##Sarmad Z, Bazargan A, Hejazi E. [Research methods in behavioral sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Agah; 2015.##Heydari SH. [Introduction to research method in architecture (Persian)]. Tehran: Fekre Now; 2014.##Cho JY, Lee EH. Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. The Qualitative Report. 2014; 19(32):1-20.##Delavar, A. [Theoretical and practical principle of research in humanities and social sciences (Persian)]. Tehran: Roshd; 2013.##Javadi PS, Zendehbad A, Darabi F, Khosravifar S, Noroozian M. Development and implementation of Persian test of Elderly for Assessment of Cognition and Executive function (PEACE). Electronic Physician. 2015; 7(7):1549-56. [DOI:10. 19082/1549]##Eberhard JP. Applying neuroscience to architecture. Neuron. 2009; 62(6):753-6. [DOI:10. 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 06. 001] [PMID]##Sternberg EM. Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2010.##Armony J, Vuilleumier P. The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. [DOI:10. 1017/CBO9780511843716]##Sternberg EM, Wilson MA. Neuroscience and architecture: Seeking common ground. Cell. 2006; 127(2):239-42. [DOI:10. 1016/j. cell. 2006. 10. 012] [PMID]##Epstein R, Harris A, Stanley D, Kanwisher N. The para hippocampal place area: Recognition, navigation, or encoding? Neuron. 1999; 23(1):115-25. [DOI:10. 1016/S0896-6273(00)80758-8]##Zeisel J. Evidence-based design in coordinated health treatment. Journal of Evidence-Based Design as Health Treatment. 2003; 35-43.##Lee AK, Wilson MA. Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron. 2002; 36(6):1183-94. [DOI:10. 1016/S0896-6273(02)01096-6]##Edelstein RS, Ghetti S, Quas JA, Goodman GS, Alexander KW, Redlich AD, et al. Individual differences in emotional memory: Adult attachment and long-term memory for child sexual abuse. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2005; 31(11):1537-48. [DOI:10. 1177/0146167205277095] [PMID]##Bangs L. Psychotic reactions and carburetor dung: The work of a legendary critic: Rock'N'Roll as literature and literature as Rock'N'Roll. New York: Anchor; 2013.##Taube JS. Head direction cells and the neurophysiological basis for a sense of direction. Progress in Neurobiology. 1998; 55(3):225-56. [DOI:10. 1016/S0301-0082(98)00004-5]##Konorski J. Integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1967.##Merriman NA, Ondřej J, Roudaia E, O'Sullivan C, Newell FN. Familiar environments enhance object and spatial memory in both younger and older adults. Experimental Brain Research. 2016; 234(6):1555-74. [DOI:10. 1007/s00221-016-4557-0] [PMID]##Collier L, Truman J. Exploring the multi-sensory environment as a leisure resource for people with complex neurological disabilities. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008; 23(4):361-7. [PMID]##Mansoori S, Faizi M, Ashayeri H. [New discourse in architecture; Architecture of Neuropsychology (Persian)]. Soffeh. 2018; 28(80):25-40.## ##

پایایی، روایی و ساختار عاملی نسخه فارسی مقیاس حساسیت به تقویت کودکان Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure of the Persian Version of the Children Reinforcement Sensitivity Scale 1 1 اهداف نظریه حساسیت به تقویت تجدید‌نظر‌شده در ابعاد مختلف رفتار، هیجان‌ها، شخصیت و آسیب‌شناختی کودکان، نقش تعیین‌کننده ای دارد و به همین دلیل هدف از این پژوهش بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس بازنگری‌شده حساسیت به تقویت کودکان بود.  مواد و روش ها روش این پژوهش توصیفی‌همبستگی است. جامعه آماری مطالعه شامل تمام کودکان مدارس شهر همدان در سال تحصیلی ۱۳۹۷-۱۳۹۶ بودند. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل ۴۱۷ کودک بودند که به صورت نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند. در خوشه اول دو ناحیه از سطح شهر انتخاب شدند، در این مرحله از هر ناحیه پنج مدرسه و از هر مدرسه ۵۰ نفر انتخاب شدند. پس از گردآوری داده‌ها با توجه به ریزش برخی داده‌های غیرقابل استفاده، تعداد نمونه نهایی ۴۱۷ نفر شد. سپس مقیاس‌های حساسیت به تقویت، عواطف مثبت و منفی و افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس در بین شرکت‌کنندگان به منظور پاسخ‌گویی اجرا شد. پایایی آزمون به ‌وسیله آلفای کرونباخ، بازآزمایی و شاخص دونیم‌سازی ارزیابی شد، روایی هم‌زمان با سایر مقیاس‌ها برای تعیین روایی مقیاس حساسیت به تقویت صورت گرفت. ساختار عاملی تأییدی با تحلیل عاملی بررسی شد. یافته ها تحلیل عاملی نشان داد مقیاس حساسیت به تقویت سه عامل دارد و بررسی پایایی آزمون از طریق آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب برای عامل‌های جنگ‌وگریز، بازداری رفتاری و فعال‌ساز رفتاری (۰/۷۵، ۰/۷۶ و ۰/۶۸)، بازآزمایی (۰/۴۸، ۰/۵۶ و ۰/۶۱) و شاخص دونیم‌سازی (۰/۵۶، ۰/۵۱ و ۰/۶۷) نشان‌دهنده ثبات مقیاس بود. روایی ملاکی سیستم حساسیت به تقویت با دیگر مقیاس‌ها نشان از روایی واگرایی و همگرایی مطلوبی (P<۰/۰۵) داشت. نتیجه گیری درمجموع، یافته‌ها نشان داد مقیاس حساسیت به تقویت ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مطلوبی بین کودکان مطالعه‌شده دارد. با این‌ حال به نظر می‌رسد زیرمؤلفه‌های مقیاس حساسیت به تقویت ثبات درونی پایینی بین کودکان مطالعه‌شده نسبت به نسخه اصلی دارند.  2 Objectives The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) has a decisive role in the different dimensions of behavior, emotions, personality and pathology of children. The goal of this research was to validate RST in children. Methods The research is descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all school children in Hamedan City, Iran in 2018 academic year. Study participants included 417 children selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Then RST, positive and negative affect and depression anxiety stress scales were distributed among them to respond. The reliability was assessed by alpha coefficient, test-retest and split-half coefficient, and validity was assessed with other questionnaires to determine the psychometric properties of RST. The confirmatory factor structure was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. Results Factor analysis indicated that RST has 3 factors and checking the validity of the inventory using Cronbach alpha, respectively for the factor fight-flight system, behavioral activation system, behavioral inhibition system (0.75, 0.76, 0.68) test-retest (0.48, 0.56, 0.61) and split-half coefficient (0.56, 0.51, 0.61) reflects the stability of the scale. The criterion validity of RST with other questionnaires indicated desirable discriminant and convergence validity (P<0.05).  Conclusion Overall, the findings indicate that RST has good psychometric properties in children, and can be used in studies in normal population. However, it seems that RST subscales has a low internal consistency in Iranian children in comparison with the original version.  444 457 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/132018/03/42017/08/252018/02/272018/04/26 1397/2/6 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/312018/08/72018/08/12020/03/102018/10/6 1397/7/14 سهراب امیری Sohrab Amiri دکترای روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. Iran amirysohrab@yahoo.com کریم بابایی نادینلویی Karim Babaei Nadilyu دکترای روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. Iran مهدی قاسم‌زاده Mahdi Ghasemzade کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران. Iran Reinforcement sensitivity Factor structure Validity Reliability حساسیت به تقویت ساختار عاملی پایایی روایی Gray JA. The neuropsychology of anxiety. An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: University of Oxford; 1987.##Gray JA. 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[DOI:10.1023/B:JACP.0000030296.54122.b6]##Cooper AJ, Stirling S, Dawe Sh, Pugnaghi G, Corr PJ. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality in children: A new questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 115:65-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.028]##Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999; 6(1):1-55. [DOI:10.1080/10705519909540118]##Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988; 54(6):1063-70. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063]##Bashishipour A, Dejkam M. [Confirmatory factor analysis of positive and negative affect scale (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology. 2005; 36(4):351-65.##Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF, Psychology Foundation of Australia. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 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Validation of the measure of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs. Journal of Individual Differences. 2014; 35(1):12-21. [DOI:10.1027/1614-0001/a000121]##Reuter M, Cooper AJ, Smillie LD, Markett S, Montag C. A new measure for the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: Psychometric criteria and genetic validation. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2015; 9:38-50. [DOI:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00038] [PMID] [PMCID]##Corr PJ, & Cooper AJ. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire [RST-PQ]: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment. 2016; 28(11):1427-40 [DOI:10.1037/pas0000273]##Colder CR, Trucco EM, Lopez HI, Hawk LW, Read JP, Lengua LJ, et al. Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory and laboratory assessment of BIS and BAS in children. Journal of Research in Personality. 2011; 45(2),198-207. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.005]##Tal Gonen HS, Pearlson G, Hendler T. Moods as ups and downs of the motivation pendulum: Revisiting Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) in bipolar disorder. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2014; 8:378. [DOI:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00378]##Amodio DM, Master SL, Yee CM, Taylor SE. Neurocognitive components of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems: Implications for theories of self-regulation. Psychophysiology. 2008; 45(1):11–19. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00609.x]##Harmon Jones E, Sigelman J. State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001; 80(5):797-803. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.797]##Levita L, Bois C, Healey A, Smyllie E, Papakonstantinou E, Hartley T, et al. The Behavioural Inhibition System, Anxiety And Hippocampal Volume In A Non-Clinical Population. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders. 2014; 4(1):4. [DOI:10.1186/2045-5380-4-1]##Krupić D, Corr PJ, Ručević S, Križanić V, Gračanin A. Five Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality questionnaires: Comparison, validity and generalization. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 97:19-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.012]##Bijttebier P, Beck I, Claes L, Vandereycken W. Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009; 29(5):421-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.002]##Muris P, Meesters C, de Kanter E, Timmerman PE. Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: relationships with Eysenck's personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005; 38(4):831-41. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.007]##Vervoort L, Wolters LH, Hogendoorn SM, De Haan E, Boer F, Prins PJ. Sensitivity of Gray's behavioral inhibition system in clinically anxious and non-anxious children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010; 48(5):629-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.021]##Colder CR, O'connor RM. Gray's reinforcement sensitivity model and child psychopathology: Laboratory and questionnaire assessment of the BAS and BIS. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2004; 32(4):435-51. [DOI:10.1023/B:JACP.0000030296.54122.b6]##Cooper AJ, Stirling S, Dawe Sh, Pugnaghi G, Corr PJ. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality in children: A new questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 115:65-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.028]##Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999; 6(1):1-55. [DOI:10.1080/10705519909540118]##Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988; 54(6):1063-70. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063]##Bashishipour A, Dejkam M. [Confirmatory factor analysis of positive and negative affect scale (Persian)]. Journal of Psychology. 2005; 36(4):351-65.##Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF, Psychology Foundation of Australia. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australian; 1995.##Afzali A, DelavarA, Borjali A, Mirzamani M. [Psychometric Properties of DASS-42 as assessed in a sample of Kermanshah high school students (Persian)]. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences 2008; 5(2):81-91.##Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8.80 for windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International; 2006.##Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.##Schermelleh Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online. 2003; 8(2):23-74.##Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2009. [PMCID]##Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson Education; 2007. [PMCID]##R, Avila C, Caseras X. Reinforcement sensitivity scales. In Corr PJ, editor. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008. [DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511819384.007]## ##

همسرآزاری در ایران: امروز کجا هستیم؟ Spouse Abuse in Iran: Where Are We Today? 1 1 همسرآزاری یکی از مشکلات اجتماعی مهم است. همسرآزاری چهار نوع رفتار خشونت‌آمیز را دربرمی‌گیرد که بین دو نفر در یک رابطه صمیمانه اتفاق می‌افتد و عبارت است از: آزار جسمی، آزار جنسی و آزار عاطفی. همسرآزاری به‌مثابه مشکلی بهداشتی و اجتماعی، پیامدهای منفی جسمی و روان شناختی زیادی دارد. وجود این مشکلات، طراحی برنامه‌های مداخله پیشگیرانه را الزامی می‌کند. بنابراین، بسیاری از کشورها به این کار اقدام کرده‌اند و ایران نیز یکی از این کشورهاست. 2 Spousal abuse is a significant social problem. Spousal abuse includes four types of violent behavior that occur between two people in an intimate relationship: physical abuse; sexual abuse; and emotional abuse. Spousal abuse as a social and health problem is accompanied with numerous negative physical and psychological outcomes. Such problems require prevention, thus many countries such as Iran have designed preventive intervention programs. 458 462 2018/03/272017/12/102017/10/132018/03/42017/08/252018/02/272018/04/262018/04/4 1397/1/15 2020/03/102018/08/142018/07/312018/08/72018/08/12020/03/102018/10/62018/08/26 1397/6/4 شهربانو قهاری Shahrbanoo Ghahari دکترای روانشناسی بالینی، استادیار روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه سلامت روان، مرکز تحقیقات روانپزشکی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری و سلامت روان (انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran ghahhari.sh@iums.ac.ir. نوشین خادم الرضا Noushin Khademolreza روانپزشک، استادیار، گروه روانپزشکی جامعه‌نگر، دانشکده علوم رفتاری و سلامت روان (انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران. Iran Khademolreza.n@iums.ac.ir Spouse abuse Domestic violence Preventive interventions Women همسرآزاری خشونت خانگی مداخلات پیشگیرانه زنان Reiding MJ, Black MC, Ryan GW. Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence in eighteen US states/territories. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008; 34(2):112-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.10.001] [PMID]##Atef Vahid MK, Ghahari Gh, Zareidoost E, Bolhari J, Karimi kismi E. [The role of demographic and psychological variables in predicting violence in victims of spouse abuse in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011; 16(4):403-11.##Ellsberg MC, Heise L. Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. [PMID]##Garcia Moreno C, Jansen H, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006; 368(9543):1260-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8]##Ghazi Tabatabaei M, Mohseni Tabrizi A, Marjaei H. [Examining the Phenomenon of Violence against Women: Isfahan (Persian)]. Tehran: Office of Social Affairs of the Ministry of Interior Publications; 2005.##Bakhtiari A, Omidbakhsh N. [Backgrounds and effects of domestic Violence against women referred to Law Medicine Center of Babol, Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2004; 7(4):28-35.##Ghahari S, Atef Vahid MK, Yousefi H. [The prevalence of spouse abuse among the Azad University students in Tonekabon (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2005; 15(50):83-9.##Ghahari Sh, Bolhari J, Atef Vahid MK, Panaghi L, Ahmadkhaniha H, Yousefi H. [Study of spouse abuse in Tehran (Persian)]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2006.##Ghahari S, Mazdarani S, Khalilian A, Zarghami M. [Spouse abuse in Sari-Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2008; 2(1):31-5.##Rasulian M, Bolhari J, Nojomi M, Habib S, Mirzaei Khoshalani M. [Theories and interventional models of intimate partner violence: Suggesting an interventional model based on primary health care system in Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2015; 21(1):3-16.##Pallitto CC, Garcia Moreno C, Jansen HA, Heise L, Ellsberg M, Watts C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2013; 120(1):3-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.07.003] [PMID]##Zakar R, Zakar MZ, Mikolajczyk R, Krämer A. Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan. International journal of gynecology & Obstetrics. 2012 Apr 1;117(1):10-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.10.032] [PMID]##Ghahari S, Bolhari J, Atef Vahid MK, Ahmadkhaniha H, Panaghi L, Yousefi H. [Prevalence of spouse abuse, and evaluation of mental health status in female victims of spousal violence in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2009; 3(1):50-6.##Bolhari J, Demari B. [National document about domestic violence prevention (Persian). Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012.##Rasoulian M, Habib S, Bolhari J, Hakim Shooshtari M, Nojomi M, Abedi S. Risk factors of domestic violence in Iran. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2014:352346. [DOI:10.1155/2014/352346] [PMID] [PMCID]##Reiding MJ, Black MC, Ryan GW. Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence in eighteen US states/territories. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008; 34(2):112-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.10.001] [PMID]##Atef Vahid MK, Ghahari Gh, Zareidoost E, Bolhari J, Karimi kismi E. [The role of demographic and psychological variables in predicting violence in victims of spouse abuse in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011; 16(4):403-11.##Ellsberg MC, Heise L. Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. [PMID]##Garcia Moreno C, Jansen H, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006; 368(9543):1260-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8]##Ghazi Tabatabaei M, Mohseni Tabrizi A, Marjaei H. [Examining the Phenomenon of Violence against Women: Isfahan (Persian)]. Tehran: Office of Social Affairs of the Ministry of Interior Publications; 2005.##Bakhtiari A, Omidbakhsh N. [Backgrounds and effects of domestic Violence against women referred to Law Medicine Center of Babol, Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2004; 7(4):28-35.##Ghahari S, Atef Vahid MK, Yousefi H. [The prevalence of spouse abuse among the Azad University students in Tonekabon (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2005; 15(50):83-9.##Ghahari Sh, Bolhari J, Atef Vahid MK, Panaghi L, Ahmadkhaniha H, Yousefi H. [Study of spouse abuse in Tehran (Persian)]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2006.##Ghahari S, Mazdarani S, Khalilian A, Zarghami M. [Spouse abuse in Sari-Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2008; 2(1):31-5.##Rasulian M, Bolhari J, Nojomi M, Habib S, Mirzaei Khoshalani M. [Theories and interventional models of intimate partner violence: Suggesting an interventional model based on primary health care system in Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2015; 21(1):3-16.##Pallitto CC, Garcia Moreno C, Jansen HA, Heise L, Ellsberg M, Watts C. Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2013; 120(1):3-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.07.003] [PMID]##Zakar R, Zakar MZ, Mikolajczyk R, Krämer A. Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan. International journal of gynecology & Obstetrics. 2012 Apr 1;117(1):10-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.10.032] [PMID]##Ghahari S, Bolhari J, Atef Vahid MK, Ahmadkhaniha H, Panaghi L, Yousefi H. [Prevalence of spouse abuse, and evaluation of mental health status in female victims of spousal violence in Tehran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2009; 3(1):50-6.##Bolhari J, Demari B. [National document about domestic violence prevention (Persian). Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012.##Rasoulian M, Habib S, Bolhari J, Hakim Shooshtari M, Nojomi M, Abedi S. Risk factors of domestic violence in Iran. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2014:352346. [DOI:10.1155/2014/352346] [PMID] [PMCID]## ##