@article{ author = {Shahmohammadi, davod and Bayanzadeh, sayd akbar and Ehssanmanesh, mojtab}, title = {Pathways to Psychiatric Care in Iran}, abstract ={In order to identity the pathways to pschiatric care in Iran, the rates of visits to general practioners, health care centres, traditional healeers, and use of herbal medicine and referral source of 923 psychiatric patients (494 females and 429 males) visiting private offices, inpatient psychiatric centres and outpatients psychiatric clinics were examined as part of the overall evaluation of the National Mental Health Programme through the use of a 15-item questionnaire. This study was carried out in collaboration with and the techinical and financial assitance of the Eastern mediterranean Office of the World Health Organization. The subjects were selected through straatified random sampling. The mean age of the sample was 31/3 53% were female, 47% were male, 54% were married and 41% were single. Analysis of data using the EPI-6 statistical package revealed that 35/1% of the subjects had been ill from one to five years at the time of the study. About half of the subjects were referred to the ental health centres by their family, relaties, or friends. 85/9% of the patients had initially sought help by visiting general practitioners and 14/1% had initially visited traditional helaers. However, 33/5% had seen traditional healers in addition to physicians and psychiatrists during the course of their illness. Demographic variables such as age, sex, merital status were unrelated to the type of services the patients had sought. The results indicated that although the traditional healers continue to attract patients, a high percentage of individuals seek help from general practioners in the health centres.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {4-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {.Yasamy, mohamad taghi and Sanei, nasrin and Malekpurfafshar, reza and Honarmand3, ali reza and Mirshekari, rez}, title = {Epidemiological Study of Attempted Suicide in Kerman}, abstract ={There has been a great deal of reseacrh on the epidemiologic indicators and correlates of attempted suicide in different countries. However, the number of local researches in Iran has been scanty. In a cross sectional study, during a one year period, from June 22, 1991 to June 21, 1992, all consecutive referrals for suicide attempt to three centers which covered all referrals due to self poisoning. Attempts by burining and traumatic methods, were interviewd. An overall 561 patients were interviewed. Data analysis was done uxing X2 for trend and fisher exact for. Data indicated that our cases were younger than the reference population. Females were overrepresented 1.5 times as men (P<0.001), unemployment and low education were correlated as well. The most common method was self poisoning especially by medications (predominantly by Diazepam) self cutting and burning ranking next. Death occurred in 30 persons (5.3%) and addicts had the highest mortality. The least number of suicides (P<0.001) but also the most fatal ones (P<0.001) occurred in autimn. As the lowest figers belonged to December our study doesn't support the western view that the reported December through is related to Christmas and the possibility of a chronobiologic contribution is suggested. Meanwhile, our data suggests that future preventive programmes should be directed toward the youth as the target group.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {14-28}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Asgari, jafar and Barahani, mohamad taghi and Farashbandi, hasan and Shriat, abdolhami}, title = {Investigating the Probability of Brain Injury in the Shell Shock Injured Patients, and Comparing with Prisoners of Was with PRSD, Patients with Brain Penetrating Injuries, and Normal Persons}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was to examine the likelihood of brain damage in shell shock injured patients by comparing their cognitive functioning with three groups of injured patients, prisoner of was with PTSD, and normal individuals.All groups were administrered Wchsler Memory Scale, Benton Visual etention, Dailler Cancellation, Smith Digit Symbol and Wisconsin Card Sorting Tests. The findings showed that in the most of these neuropsychologicla tests there was no significant difference between the shell shock injured group and the organic damage group, while there was a significant difference between the shell shock injured group and prisoners of war with posttraumatic stress disorder.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {28-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {LotfiAfshar, saber and Ghasemzadeh, habibaiiah and .Ashaeri, hasan and Gillani, bij}, title = {Implicit and Explicit Memory Bais in Depression and Anxiety}, abstract ={Williams, Watts, Macleod and Mathews' (1988) model of anxiety and depression leads to the prediction that anxious patients will show mood – congreuent implicit memory bias, while depressed patients will show mood-congruent explicit memory bias.Although this prediction has been supported by some researchers (Denny & Hunt, 1992 mathews, Moog, et al , 1989 watkins, et al, 1992), the reliability or generality of their findings remain to be confirmed.In the present study, implicit and explicit memories of two groups of patients with generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymic disorder as well as a group of normal individuals were mesured by recognition (explicit memory) and tachistoscopic word identification (implicit memory) tasks. As predicted, patients with dysthymic disorder showed mood-congruent explicit, but not implicit memory bias. However, patients with generalized anxiety disorder did not show significant mood-congruent memory bias in either implicit or explicit memory tasks.The results of this study support Williams et al.'s model of depression and cognition. But they do not provide support for mood – congruentnt implicit and explicit memory bias in individuals with anxiety disorder. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {35-46}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Dolatshahi, behroz and Malakooti, sayd kazem and ghaddasi, mehdi}, title = {Develpoment of a Cognitive screeining Test Battery for}, abstract ={The present study was designed to develop a preliminatory cognitive screeting test battery for differentiating brain damaged patients, from psychiatric patients and normal subjects.Based on previous researches, the items scales, administraion and scoring instructions for the test battery were prepared. The test included the following scales: attention, memory, construction ability, receptive language, repetition, objects naming, calculation, resorning and concept formation.Then, a sample of 80 subjects (20 brain dameged, 20 schizophernics, 20 mood disorder and 20 normal subjects matched for age, sex, education) were selected and were administered the battery. Variables such as age, sex, education and handedness were used for matching subjects. The results showed that the cognitive screeining test battery with a cut off point of 116 can differentiate brain damaged patients from other groups (85% sensitivity and 80% specificity) and with a cut off point of 140 can differentiate normal subjects from other groups (85% sensitivity and 85% specificity). It was also observed that the attention and memory scales has higher sensitivity and specificity compared to other scales.Discriminant analysis was used to study the test validity (correct classification of subjects).The results showed that the test battery was able to discriminate differnet groups with 87.5% accuracy classification rate. The reliability of the test battery estimated by test-retest method, based on the performatnce of 20 subjects (five subject from each group ) was 0.9*6 and all of the scales had acceptable reliabiltiy coefficients.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {46-57}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Educational status and Mental Health of Students}, abstract ={For the purpose of investigating the effects of motivational, cognitive, intellectural and personality factors on the learning abiltiy and educational function of students, the SCL-90-R and Educational Status Questionnaire were administered to 1102 students of Science, Engineering, Fine Arts, and Letters and humanition faculties of Tehran University.Findings indicated a significant difference between the students' high school grade point average (GPA) who were accepted on diffeent quotas. There werew however no significant difffrences between the total score of tehranian and township's students, male and female students, students stydying in different faculties, and students who were accepted on diffeent quotas on the SCL 90-R. However, there were dignificant differnces between diffenrent grous of students on some of the subscales of the SCL-90-R.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1711-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1711-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {fashidifar, naser and Baraheni, mohamad naghi and Elahi, asghar}, title = {Relationship of Demographic Factors and Personality Charcterisitics of Child Abuse and Neglect in a Group of Adolescents in Ahar}, abstract ={The interest in stydying child abuse and neglect has remarkably increased during the past two decades.The present study is designed to investigate the relationship between demographic factors and personality characterisitcs of children who were abused and neglected. The sample consisted of 235 studntes (14 to 18 years, 131 girls, 104 boys) who were randomly selected. Subjects completed two questionnaires (a) The Child Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire, and (b) the Junior Eysenck personality Questionnaire. Then subjects were divided in two groups: abused and nonabused.The results indicated that parents' age and birth order of children did not significantly relate to groups in the two sexes, but the parent's level of education, family income, and the number of children in the family significantly differed between abused and non abused groups in borth difference between abused and nonabused groups in both sexes was significant. On (P) scale, the difference btween the two groups of boys was significant, but it was significant, but it was not significant between the two groups of girls. The same trend appeared on (L) scale.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {62-68}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1712-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {molavi, hosay}, title = {A Study of The Validity of Self – Rating Questionnaire in Relation to Eysenck\'s Psychooticism Scale}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between psychoticism and self-awarencess, slef – acceptance, and gender in normal subjets and to determine the validity of self-rating questionnaire in relation to Eysenck's psychoticism scale. (It was hypothesized that such relationships do not exist to a significant degree between these variables). A group of 72 counselling and education students who were enrolled in the fall semester of 1994, participated in this study. Three questionnaire were administered to all subjects: a sociometric questionnaire, the adjustment questionnaire, and the Eysenck Pychoticism Scale.  Then the scores of self awareness and self-acceptance were computed. The results showed no significant correlation between either psychoticism and slef-awareness or psychoticism and self acceptance. The point biserial correlation between psychoticism and gender, however, was significant (P<0.025). Men significantly scored higher than women on the psychoticism scale. The results also indicate that with regard to desirable personality characterisitcs, like extroversion – ontroversion, the subjects' responses in self-rating scales are cogruent with the results of standard personality questionnaires but with increasing undesirability of personality characterisistcs (like neuroticism and psychoticism respectively), the subjects' responses are influenced by self-serving bias and become increasingly less related to standard personality questionnaires and therefore less valid. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {68-100}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1713-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1713-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Mohit, ahmad and Shahmohammad, davood and Bolhari, jafar}, title = {Independent National Evaluation of Mental Health (Iran – 1995)}, abstract ={The purpose of this project was to conduct a thorough evaluation of mental health services delivery system as an important part of helath services delivery system. As an important part of health services delivery system. For this purpose, 266 health workers (Behavarses) and health houses, 91 GPs and rural health centers, 923 persons who refered to private and other psychiatric centers, and 737 families who lived in the neighborhood of the rural areas where mental health programmes were in operation were selected for participation in this study. Data were gathered through administration of several questionnaires to participants and evaluation of the centers' functions.Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistic. Resutls indicated that implementation of National Mental Health Programmed and its integration into the PHC system has led to a major and deep change in the health workers attitude toward the basic principles of mental health and mental health services delivery in the rural areas as well as in people's knowledge of and their tendency to use mental health sercives instead of seeking traditional methods of treatment. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {4-17}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1695-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1695-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Malakoti, kazem and Bakhshani, noor mohamad and Bohaei, gholamreza and Motaghipour, yasam}, title = {Rating of Stressor Events and Their Relationship with Mental Disorders in Zahedan General population}, abstract ={Psychosocial stresses, as one of the causative factors of mental and physical disorders, are considered to be important health issues. Thus, for identifying vulnerable groups, it is necessary to identify and evaluate these stressors. The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between stress and incidence of mental disorders and to quqntify this relationship and to compare psychiatric signs in different groups by using the Life Events Inventory and SCl-90-R questionnaires. 410 subjects (211 females, 199 males with a mean age of 31.3 years) participated in this study Subjects were selected from Zahedan general population through cluster random sampling. Data were analyzed using the Z test. Analysis of variance and the Turkey method were done using the SPSS package. Resylts showed that there was little difference between the sample mean (57.2) and the cut of point (58.3). It was also found that psychiatric problems were more severe and occurred more frequently among single, low educated individuals and women. Men, young people, and Balooches are confronted with more stressful events. The most common life stressors were hospitalization of a family member, birth of a new member in the family, unwxpected mortality, financial problems, inflation, unemployement and family discordes.  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {17-29}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1696-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1696-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {NasrEsfahani, mehdi and Bagheri, abas}, title = {Investigating Stressors in an Industrial Setting}, abstract ={This study was to investigate the most important stressors and causes of job dissatisfaction in employees if an industrial setting. 230 full-time workers and employees were selelcted through random sampling. A questionnaire that included five categories of stressors (permanent and transient factors related to the type of job and the work environme nt, accident producing factors, relationship problems at work and welfare and nutritional facilities). Was used for evaluating them. Findings indicated that the most important stressors for all empoyees were heumanisitic problems and relationship problem at work. Accident produced factors, permanent factors, dissatisfaction with welfare and nutritional facilities, and the factors that related to the nature of work were other important stressors at lower level. The totla mean of the stress level for different groups was 2.02 (SD=0.88). Employees reported higher level of stress than workers. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-38}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1697-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1697-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Attari, abas and Khosravizadegan, fatemeh}, title = {Comparison of Clomipramine, Hydroxyzine, and Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Trichotillomania}, abstract ={Trichotillomania refferes compulsive hair pulling that results in considerable hair loss.Many medical and nonedical therapies have been applied for treatment of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to compare the efectiveness of Clomipramine, Hydroxyzine, and behavior therapy (habit reversal) in the treatment of trichottillomania. To achieve this 15 patients with trichotillomania were randoly assigned to 3 experimental groups. One group received clomipramine for 6 weeks. The second group received Hydroyzine for 6 weeks, and the third group attended 6 sessions of habit reversal therapy.The findings indicated that Clomipraine and hydroxyzine had no significant effects. Habit reversal had considerable effect on th eintensity of the disorder, but not on th enumber of hairs pulled off.Comparison between three groups indicated the superiority of habit reversal in the treatment of tichotillomania.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {38-43}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1698-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1698-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Zolfaghari, fazliyeh and Mohammadkhani, parvaneh and Poorshahbaz, abas}, title = {Coping Strategies, Perceived Self-efficacy, and attitude toward Life events in the Normal and Neurotic Iranian Groups}, abstract ={In this study, coping strategies, perceived self efficacy , and attitude of two groups of normal and neurotic persons toward stressful lfe events were investigated, The normal group included 104 individuals and the neurotic group consisted of 40 patients. Copuyning streategies, perceived self-efficacy, and attitude toward life events questionnaired were used inthis study.The findings indicated significant differences between two groups on the using of coping streategies and perceived self-efficacy. Also, there were significant correlations between the problem focused copings, dysfunctional copings, emotional reducing focused copings and self-efficacy and attitude toward life events.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {43-54}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Tahmassian, karineh and Mehryar, amir hoshang and Bolhari, JAFAR and .Birashk, behroz}, title = {The effecacy of Parent training in Reduction of}, abstract ={This experimental study was designed to show the effects of parent training program on Iranian children with behavioral disorders. 27 students (7-11 years olf) with behavioral disorders were selected from Amerian elementary shools's girls. These students were assessed by Rutter's behavioral, asssessment test, completed by parents and teachers. Then their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three groups i.e. experimental group 0n=9), placebo (n=8), and control group (n=10). These groups were matched for age, education and socioeconomical status. The mothers in the parent-training group received 8 sessions of professional contact twice a week.Treatment consisted of teaching parents to reward compliance and appropriate behavior and to use ignorance and time out for noncompliance and inappropriate behavioirs. The mothers in the placebo group participated in 5 sessions without training and therapeutic intervention. Control group participated only in pre-test and post-test.Two months after starting the parent training sessions, subjects were re-evaluated. Results indicated significant improvement in the target behaviors for experimental group. It may be concluded that mother training program was effective. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {54-61}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1700-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1700-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Askari, karim}, title = {Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Integration between Applied and Theoretical Aspects}, abstract ={The obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling neurotic disorder. Unit recently the information about the incidence, etiology and treatment of this disorder was based on researches done on relatively small samples. In the past few years, owing to a number of studies done on different populations, public knowledge about this disorder has been increased and patients have been persuaded to seek treamtnet by going to psychiatric centers.In this article the most up to data studies on various aspects of OCD are reviewd. These include:1- Epidemiology and differential diagnosis of OCD.2- OCD in childhood.3- Serotonin hypotheisi in the etiology of OCD.4- Pharmacological studies in OCD.5- Integrative approach to the treatment of OCD.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {61-73}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1701-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1701-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Esmaili,, taghi and Khooshabi, katauo}, title = {Tourette\'s Disorder : A Single Case Study}, abstract ={Tics are involuntary, sudden rapid, recurrent, non-rhytmic, and stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations. Tics may be transient or persistent. They often cause impairment in social, inter personal, educational, and vocational functions of people. Tic disorders may be accompanied by distractibiliy, impulsivity, restlessness, and obsessive – compulsive symptoms. Tourette's disorder is one of the four tic disorders and consists of multiple motor and one or more vocal tic(s). For the diagnosis of Tourette's disorder, the onset must be before the age of 18 the symptoms must persist for a period of more than one year and during this period there must never be a symptom-free period of more than 3 consective months. This article, discusses the tic disorders, specifically Tourett's disorder and descibes a female adolescent who had tourette's disorder and treated with Pimozide. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-100}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1702-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1702-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Bolhari, Jafar and Bina, Mehdi and Ehssanmanesh, Mojtaba and KarimiKaisomi, Is}, title = {Studying the knowledge, attitude, and performance of Health workers}, abstract ={The purpose of this research was to evaluate health workers knowledge about mental disorders and their performance in delivering mental health services as well as examining their attitude towards mental disorders. The study was part of a general and country wide evaluation of the integration of mental health in the PHC. In this study, the knowledge, attitude, and performance of 266 health workers (out of 4254) who were participated in the PHC mental health program toward mental disorders, epileps, and mental retardation were assessed. These workers were selected through the multiphasic random sampling method. The knowledge, attitude, and performance queationnaires specially devised for the study were used for gathering of data.The results indicated that subjects responded appropiately to more than 50% of the questions on the knowledge and attitude questionnaires. The results also showed that health workers were successful in learning mental health concepts and in identifying, reffering and following up the psychiatric patients. Cultural problems, despersed population-under care – and teaching mental health to public wre classified as problems faced by health workers.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {4-12}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1669-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1669-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Raeissi, pooran and Shahmohammadi, davood and Ghazizadeh, ahm}, title = {Cost – Benefit Analysis of Epilepsy Treatment in the Health System of Kurdestan Province, Iran}, abstract ={Although Mental Health Program has been adopted as one of the components of the primary Health care program in Iran since 1989 its cost effectiveness has not yet been evaluated in any form. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of mental health program regarding the treatment of epileptic patients in the Kurdestan province.In order to achieve the above goal in a case-contrl study, 92 epileptic patients who were under the coverage of mental health program in PHC (Case group) were compared in terms of sex, occupation, age, annual inpatient and outpatient contacts, days staying in hospital, as well as mean of annual cost and benefits per patients.The findings ndicated that differences in age, sex, occupation, mean of days staying in the hospital andmean of inpatient contacts between the two groups were not statistically significant, but means of outpatient contacts, annual cost and benefit per aptient contacts, and mean of annual cost per patient was smaller than that for the control group.The findings of the present study provides convincing evidence regarding the positive effects of theintegrated mental health program in Iran in increasing outpatient contacts and decreasing cost, as well as improving cost-benefit dimensions in the care of epileptic patients.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-19}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1673-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1673-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {HeidariPahlavian, ahm}, title = {The study of psycho-socail factors and epidemiological characteristics of the people who attempted suicide in Hamadan}, abstract ={The main purpose of this study was to obtain accurate information about the psycho-social factors and epidemiological characteristics of the people who attempted suicide in Hamadan. During one year, 667 individuals who had benn brought to 4 emergency centers in Jamadan for attempting suicide, completed the personal data sheet, MMPI, and BDI.Results indicated that 63% of this group (423 persons) were female, and 37% (244 persons) were male. Those under the age of 30, attempted suicicde more than other age groups (%77.5). The majority of females who attempted suicide wre married (%63.46), whereas among males this percent was %42.22.%85.86 of subjects who completed BDI, were depressed. % 52.36 of subjects has an abnormal profile on MMPI.Family and marital discord, mental disorders (mostly depression), and unemployment wre the main reasons for suicide among this group.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1677-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1677-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, zohreh and Akbarzadeh, nasrin and Hadjian, fatemeh}, title = {The role of pathological and normal grief in the prevalence of mental disorders among adolescents}, abstract ={For the purpose of studying the effects of pathological and normal grief on the prevalence of mental disorders among adolescents. 164 intermediate and highschool students were administered a grief inventory and a questionnarire assessing mental disorders. Among the study group 83 students had experienced the death of one of their family members (mostly fathers), and 81 did not have such experience.Results indicated that : 1) The students who has experienced grief scored higher than other students, on measures of PTSD, obsessional thoughts, and motor tics. 2) The scores of students who has experienced pathological grief were higher than the scores of students who has experienced normal grief on PTSD, obsesional thoughts, motor tics, and general anxiety disorder. 3) The subjects whose parents had died in an accident, scored higher than those whose parents ahd died as a result of an illness, on oppositional disorder and disobediance. 4) the scores of subjects who has lost their parents between the ages 2-7, were higher than the scores of subjects who has lost their parents when they wre older, on ADHD, 5) the girsl who had experienced grief has higher scores on specific phobias, and social anxiety where as boys with similar experiences showed higher scores on ADHD, conduct disorder, and vocal tics.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-40}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1681-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1681-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Tavakkolizadeh, jahanshir and Bolhari, jafar and Mehryar, amir hoshang and Dezhkam, mahmoo}, title = {Epidemiology of attention deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders in elementary school children of Gonabad town, north east iran (1996-1997)}, abstract ={Using the persian version of Gadow's child syptom Inventory (SCI-4), an attempt was made to determine the prevalence of attention deficit and disruptive behaviours among elementary school children of Gonabad town in the north eastern khorasan province of Iran. Subjects consisted of 400 children (202 boys and 198 girls) ages 7 to 12 years attending grades 1-5 of public primary schools. They had been randomly chosen to represent the population of primary school pupils of the town. During the first phase of the study, 100 of the children selected for study were rated by their mothers and teachers using the CSI-4. the same children were then interviewed by a trained psychiatrist who also filled the CSI-4 for each of them.Using the latter ratings as a criterion, the sensitivity andspecificity of ratings made by mothers and teachers were deetermined and a cut-off point was established for diagnosis of hyperactivit and disruptive behaviour disorder. Applying this cut-off point to the total sample of children rated by their teacers and mothers (N=400) it was found that %21.8 of boys as compared with %12.1 of girls meet the DSM-IV criteria for attention deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders. The majority of children (%9.9 of boys and %8.1 of girls) identified as behaviourally disturbed manifested symptoms of hyperactivity / attention deficit disorder. The second most prevalent category of behaviorla disturbance was conduct disorder (manifested by %8.99 of boys and %4.0 of girls). Defiant oppositional disorder was shown only by %5.9 of boys and %3.0 of girls.Among boys, the highest rates of disorder were shown by the six children aged 12 plus (%100). All of whom were below their age level in terms of academic progress and has been rated as, academically very werak, by their teachers. Rates of behaviour disorder tended to be higher among children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {40-52}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1683-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1683-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Fataa, l}, title = {Application of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy in the Treatmentof Refractory Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={During the past three decades, there have been several studies concerning the efficacy of drugs and behavior therapy for treating obsessivecompulsive disorder. The high rates of relapse, and number of patients withour any improvement has turned clinicians attention toward the cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for the treatment of this disorder.This article has examined the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for three refractory obsessive-compulsive patients. Since the content of obsessive thoughts are culturally related, useful techniques are suggested for the treatment of Iranian clients.The results revealed that CBT was effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {52-60}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1684-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1684-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Nouri, robabeh and Bayanzadeh, sayd akbar}, title = {The methods of Intervention in the social relationship of chronic psychiatric patients}, abstract ={In this article, methods of intervention for increasing the social relationship of chronic psychiatric patients are discussed. The three interventionprocedures are: 1) development of new social relationships 2) maintaining and reinforcing the existing social relationships and 3) improving family relationships.In addition, theproblems of implementing these procedures and the role of mental health professionals in the delivery of these services are exmined. Finally, with emphasis on Iranian socio-cultural characteristics, some recommendations are proposed}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {60-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1685-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1685-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Shahmohammadi, shagh and Bayanzadeh, sayd akbar and Ahmadi, jamshi}, title = {The study of stress and coping strategies in the caregivers of patients with chronic schizophernia and chronic dialysis}, abstract ={The purpose of this research was to study the sress level and coping strategies in among the caregivers of the two groups of chronic schizophernic patients and chronic dialysis patients. The sample consisted of 20 caregiveres who were mothers, wives, husbands, and children of the patients. They were selected from patients records in the clinics of the city of Shiraz. The subjects were matched for age, family income, number of family members, and educational level and requested to complete QRS-SF, CS-R checklist, and MMPI.The findings indicated no significant differences in the stress level and coping strategies of either group. Nor it revealed any significant difference in the level of mental disorders. In the study groups.Patients' sex also had no efect on the level of stress expressed the study did not find any relationship between the level of stress and the gender of the subjects.However, when caregivers of schizophernic patients were examined by MMPI females, scores of D, Hy, Pt higher than males scores for these scales. Moreover stress level of those who cared for schizophernic patients with negative symptoms were higher than the caregivers of those with positive symptoms. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {67-75}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1688-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1688-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {AnsariJaberi, ali and .Mohammadi, esa and FathiAshtiani, ali}, title = {Study of the effect of a designed physical exercise program on elderly\'s self-esteem}, abstract ={To ealuate the effect of a physical exercise program on elderly's self-esteem, the smith questionnaire was administreed to 34 elderly males aged 60-75 years old. The group participated in a specially desined physical exercise program every morning for 30 days. Each session lasted 30-45 minutes.Results indicated the efficacy of the program in improving subjects' self-esteem. This was concluded by the analysis of the obtained scores, i.e. the mean scores of their self-esteem increased from 53.3 (before using the program) to 70.8 (after using the program).  }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-79}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1689-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1689-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Hoseinzadeh, ebrahem and Jalili, behroz and Alhanie, fatemeh}, title = {Comparison of drug-therapy and conditioning in the}, abstract ={This research is a quasi-experimental study that was carried out in the shaheed esmaili psychiatric hospital. The purpose of this study was to compare two procedures in the treatment of enuresis i.e. conditioning therapy (using of the bed alarm) and drug therapy (imipramine). In this study 44 children, diagnosed as enuretic, were randomly assigned to two groups. Subjects were matched for variabled such as age, sex educational level of parents and the family income. All particianets completed questionnaires containing personal information andmonthly monitoring of enuresis.Findings indicated that in the first 45 days of therapy, drug therapy was more effective than conditioning. However, the second 45 days of therapy, showed no significant differences between the two groups. Follow up data 45 days after the termination of therapy did not indicated any significant differences between the two groups. }, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-85}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1690-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1690-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {ShokuhiYekta, mohse}, title = {Comparison of Iranisn, American and Chinese students attitude toward mental illness}, abstract ={Attitudes toward mental illness were measured by the OMI questionnaire, opinion about mentall illness scale, for 90 ale graduate college students from Iranian. American, and Chinese cultural backgrounds. The questionnaire consisted of five different factors: A-Authoritarianism, B-Benevolence, C-Mental Hygiene ideology, D-Social restrictiveness, E-Interpersonal etiology. To assure sufficient comprehension of the questionnaire in its original language by all of the participants, a few proficiency language criteria had to be met. 42 (our of a total of 132) questionnaires were excluded from the study because of failure to meet certain criteria.Questionnaires were scored indivdually by using the scoring system of the OMI. Significant differences were found among the three groups of participants on the factors A, B, C, and E of the OMI. Comparing the means of subscale scores, both Iranian and Chinese subjects performed higher on "Authoritarianism" (Factor A) on social restrictiveness (Factor D), and on interpersonal etiology (Factor E), and lower on benevolence (Factor B) than american subjects. No significant differences were found between the iranian and chinese subjects on any of the OMI subscales.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-95}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1691-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1691-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} } @article{ author = {Irani, Ali}, title = {translate}, abstract ={translate}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {95-100}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1694-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1694-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {1997} }