@article{ 
author = {Bolhari, Jafar},  
title = {Editorial}, 
abstract ={Editorial},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {3-4}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-133-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-133-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bolhari, Jafar and Taghva, Arsia and Rasoulian, Maryam and Mohammadian, Mehrdad and Panaghi, Leili and Amini, Homayou},  
title = {Running the First Psychiatry OSCE in Iran and Satisfaction of Consultants, Residents, and Standardized Patients}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: This study aimed at reviewing how the first Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in psychiatry was conducted and at assessing appreciation of this method by the residents, con-sultants, and standardized patients (SPs) compared to the current psychiatry oral exams. Method: A total of 22 psychiatry residents of final year were tested in 9 stations in the presence of 8 standardized patients and a conclusion station. Each station took 12 minutes. Two consultants rated the residents separately in each station based on the designed scoring tables. After the exam, consultants, residents and standardized patients were assessed by questionnaires. This assessment was repeated three weeks later and immediately after the oral board exam from the same residents. Results: Residents described timing of the stations, information given before the exam, and capability of the OSCE in assessing competence of the residents as fair and appropriate. Seventy-five percent of the residents were happy to have participated in this exam. Most of them described the current oral board exam as not fair, not objective and even not similar to the actual clinical settings. Rater consultants also described the goals of the stations, timing, and performance of SPs as appropriate. SPs were happy to participate in this experience again too. Conclusion: Holding a satisfactory and accurate OSCE receives approval of the participants (residents), raters (consultants), and SPs.},  
Keywords = {psychiatry examination, clinical examination, Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), psychiatric residents},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {5-11}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-134-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-134-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rasoulian, Maryam and Taghva, Arsia and Panaghi, Leili and Zahiroddin, Alireza and Salehi, Mansour and Ghalebandi, Mirfarh},  
title = {Qualitative Assessment of the First Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Psychiatry in Iran.}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: The psychiatric OSCE was experimentally conducted for the first time in Iran at the level of subspecialties in August 2004. We aimed to qualitatively evaluate the attending professors’ and psy-chiatry residents’ viewpoints in order to understand the advantages, deficiencies, difficulties and suggestions of professors and residents in this regard. Method: In this qualitative study, focused group discussion method of the attending professors and psychiatry residents participating in this test was used on the day of testing. Two focused group discussion sessions were conducted each including 8-10 participants. Results: According to attending professors and psychiatry residents, fairness was the most significant advantage of OSCE. The most im-portant failure of OSCE, according to psychiatry residents, was being artificial in the station environment and lack of an appropriate rapport with the unreal patient. Attending professors pointed out that OSCE is pretty time-consuming and costly. Main suggestions they offered for optimization of OSCE included more further training of standard patients as well as displaying already prepared movies from real pa-tients in some of stations. Conclusion: In professors’ and residents’ point of view, psychiatric OSCE has significant advantages over current testing for psychiatric residents. However, providing a successful OSCE in the upcoming years requires that the aforementioned problems be cleared by further training of standard patients and applying other suggestions cited by the professors and residents.},  
Keywords = {Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), psychiatry, Iran},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {12-16}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Taghva, Arsia and Rasoulian, Maryam and Panaghi, Leili and Bolhari, Jafar and Zarghami, Mehran and Nasr-esfahani, Mehdi and Hodges, Bri},  
title = {Validity and Reliability of the First Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Psychiatry in Iran}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: This study aims at the evaluation of validity and reli-ability of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in psy-chiatry and among the residents. Method: Following assessments and a lot of discussions among all consultant psychiatrists in the country, nine 12-minute stations were designed. In each station, two examining raters completed the pre-viously designed checklists individually. Standardized patients were used in 8 of the stations. Face and content validity, construct validity, concurrent validity and inter-rater reliability, internal consistency and inter-station reliability were all assessed. Results: Face and content validity of the test was reached after holding sessions with the presence of the consultants and chair of the country’s specialty board and also providing all practical goals while discussing them in different group meetings. Concurrent validity was evaluated after comparing OSCE scores for both the residents and their own consultants. Concurrent validity was assessed through evalu- ating correlation of OSCE scores with results of oral and written board exams, competency exams, and psychiatry entry exam, which actually showed an appropriate validity for this test. Assessment of test reliability using the inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and inter-station reliability displayed an appropriate reliability for this OSCE. Conclusion: The first psychiatry OSCE had significant validity and reliability.},  
Keywords = {Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), validity, reliability, psychiatry },
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {17-24}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sadeghi, Majid and Taghva, Arsia and Mir-sepassi, Gholam Reza and Hasanzadeh, Mehdi},  
title = {Attitude of Psychiatric Professors and Residents towards Performance of Standardized Patients in the Objective Structured Clinical Examination in Psychiatry}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: The increasing use of standardized patients in the psy-chiatric Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) promoted the investigators to explore the viewpoints of examining professors and participating psychiatric residents towards the performance of the standardized patients. Method: In an OSCE, 22 of the final year psychiatric residents and 16 examiners participated in our study. Performance of the 8 standardized patients in all 8 stations was evaluated after the test. Results: This study showed acceptable and appropriate performance of standardized patients both in acting according to and in actualizing the scenarios. Conclusion: Use of standardized patients in psychiatric OSCE is recommended by the examining professors and also residents. },  
Keywords = {Standardized patients, Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), psychiatric evaluation},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {25-28}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Taghva, Arsia and Mir-sepassi, Gholam Reza and Sadeghi, Majid and Panaghi, Leili and Ghalebandi, Mirfarh},  
title = {Are Standardized Patients Able to Rate Performance of Psychiatric Residents in the Objective Structured Clinical Examination?}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: This study aims to compare viewpoints of standardized patients (SPs) and consultant psychiatrists about the performance of volunteer residents in the first Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Iran. Method: OSCE was hold with 9 stations and 8 SPs, in one day with attendance of 22 senior psychiatric residents. In each station two raters independently scored the residents based on a previously prepared checklist. SPs were three females and five males with the mean age of 27 years. In the end, viewpoints of consultant psychi-atrists and SPs on the performance of residents were compared. Results: Beside three stations, no significant correlation between SPs’ and consultants’ opinions could be found in other stations.  SPs in the stations with significant correlation had higher level of educa-tion especially in the psychiatry-relevant fields. Conclusion: Despite capabilities of the SPs, it is probably not reason- able to rely on their opinion as raters unless they have higher level of education.},  
Keywords = {Psychiatric Objective Structured Clinical Examination, psychiatric resident, standardized patient},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {29-33}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zarghami, Mehran and SheykhMounesi, Fatemeh and Taghva, Arsia and Khalilian, Alirez},  
title = {Attitude of Iranian Psychiatry Residents toward Psychiatric Objective Structured Clinical Examination}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: Few reports are available regarding the use of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for the evaluation of psy-chiatry residents. Assessing their attitudes towards this method of testing has been the aim of this study. Method: Forty psychiatry residents from all universities in Iran who were selected on a stratified sampling method participated in the third comprehensive pilot OSCE in Iran. After the exam, viewpoints were canvassed using a questionnaire and also face to face interview. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results: Ninety percent of residents believed that the simulations and scenarios were quite realistic and 97.5% considered the scenarios reflective of clinical situations they usually experience. Most of the residents believed also such an examination could discriminate com-petent and incompetent residents successfully. Eighty percent of the residents believed that OSCE is superior than the oral board examina-tion and 87.5% felt they would like the experience to be a formative part of their residency training. Conclusion: The oral or practical board examination can be replaced by OSCE.},  
Keywords = {Objective-Structured Clinical Examination (OSEC), psychiatry residents, Attitude, Iran},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {34-40}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Attari, Abbas and Mir-sepassi, Gholam Reza and Taghva, Arsia and Bolhari, Jafar and Aminoroaia, Mahin and Hasanzadeh, Akbar},  
title = {Validity and Reliability of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination in Psychiatry: A Guided Survey}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = {Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), psychiatry, validity, reliability },
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {41-48}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zaki, Mohammad Ali},  
title = {Validation of Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS)}, 
abstract ={ Objectives: The purpose of the present study has been assessing life satisfaction as an indicator of positive attitude towards life. Method: Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) was used for 200 high school students (100 boys and 100 girls) with three educational field of study: mathematics, science, and humanities in districts three and five of Isfahan city. They were selected on a randomized multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were then analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, and factor analysis. Results: Cronbach’s Alpha in all subjects, male students, and female students were 0.863, 0.844 and 0.884 respectively. Furthermore, the reliability of the instrument was considered acceptable for the educational districts (of three and five) as well as among the three educational study fields (mathematics, science, and humanities). Reliability of five research subscales: friends, self, school, family, and living environment was also reported as acceptable. Factor analysis indicated that items of instrument could be reduced to five factors reflecting construct validity. Conclusion: This scale can be used as a reliable measure in the high school students in Isfahan.},  
Keywords = {Life satisfaction, validation, students, Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {49-57}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Taghva, Arsia and Bahador, Hamidollah and Attari, Abass and Fadaee, Farbo},  
title = {Letter to the Editor}, 
abstract ={Letter to the Editor},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {58-59}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Taghva, Arsi},  
title = {Letter to the Editor}, 
abstract ={Letter to the Editor},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {13},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {60-61}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shabani, Amir},  
title = {Editorial}, 
abstract ={ Editorial},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {87-88}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Amini, Homayoun and Rahimi-Nejad, Fatemeh and Noroozian, Maryam and Sharifi, Vandad and Shakiba, Maji},  
title = {Neurological Soft Signs in Patients with First Episode Psychosis, their First-Degree Relatives and Healthy Controls}, 
abstract ={    Abstract   Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with first episode psychosis, in their first-degree relatives, and in healthy control subjects.   Method: Thirty patients with first-episode psychosis, 30 of their first-degree relatives, and 30 healthy controls were evaluated by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) for psychiatric assessment. Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) was used for the evaluation of NSS, and Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) for laterality assessment. Data were analyzed by the following statistical tests: Chi-square, t-test, Fisher’s Exact Test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, and non-parametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney.   Results: First-episode psychotic patients had significantly higher NES total scores than the first-degree relatives, and the control group. On “sequencing of complex motor acts”, “motor coordination”, and “sensory integration” subscales of the NES, patients had significantly higher scores than the controls (respective p-values of <0.01, <0.001, & <0.01). Patients had significantly higher scores than their relatives on “motor coordination”, and “eye movements” (p-values <0.05). There were no significant differences in NSS between the first-degree relatives and healthy controls on NES total scores.   Conclusion: A higher prevalence of NSS occurs in patients with first-episode psychosis than in their relatives or healthy control subjects. Neurological soft signs are part of a neural dysfunction that underlies psychosis rather than the consequence of a neurodegene-rative processes caused by the disease.},  
Keywords = {first-episode psychosis, neurological soft sings, schizophrenia},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {89-96}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Pakravan, Maryam and Ghalebandi, Mirfarhad and Alavi, Kaveh and AfkhamEbrahimi, Azizeh},  
title = {Comparing Maudsley Obsessive-compulsive Inventory Usage with DSM-IV-based Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) to Detect Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This study plans to determine diagnostic features and the best cut-off point in Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory for patients with schizophrenia. Method: In a cross-sectional study, 96 inpatients (56 men and 40 women) with schizophrenia (based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria) were selected from Iran Psychiatry Hospital (in Tehran) by convenient sampling and screened for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder using standard clinical interview (SCID) and Maudsley Inventory. Results: Based on the clinical interview, 47 patients (49%) were diagnosed to have obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In the Maudsley Inventory, 38 patients (40%) scored above the given cut-off point (score of 9). The sensitivity and specificity of the Maudsley Inventory were 74.5% and 93.9% respectively. Conclusion: Despite the high specificity of Maudsley Inventory, the clinical interview is preferred over it because of higher sensitivity and the number of true-positive diagnoses.},  
Keywords = {obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, clinical interview, Maudsley Inventory},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {97-103}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-158-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-158-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Noorbala, Ahmad-Ali and Ramezanzadeh, Fatemeh and Malak-AfzaliArdakani, Hosein and Abedinia, Nasrin and RahimiForoushani, Abbas and Shariat, Mamak},  
title = {Efficacy of Psychiatric Interventions on the level of Marital Satisfaction in Infertile Couples in a Reproduction Health Research Centre}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This research studied the efficacy of psychiatric interventions (pharmacological-psychotherapy) on the level of marital satisfaction in the presenting infertile couples to the Vali-Asr Reproduction Health Research Centre, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Method: In an interventional design, 140 couples in two treatment and control groups (each 70 couples) were selected by a convenient sampling method. They all received pharmacological (fluoxetine) and psychotherapy (Cognitive- Behavioral and Supportive therapies) for a period of six months. The tools used included Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Enrich Inventory), Social Re-adjustment Scale (Holmes-Rahe) and Demographic Questionnaire. Data were analyzed through t-test, χ2 and logistic regression statistical methods. Results: Psychiatric treatments (pharmacologic-psychotherapy) were found to significantly increase marital satisfaction (p<0.001) in the educational class of diploma and over, housekeeper women, 19-25 year old group, couples with marriage age and infertility duration of less than 5 years and unexplained cause for infertility, and without stress or low stress groups. Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of marital conflicts in infertile couples and effectiveness of psychiatric interventions, one must take psychiatric therapies and psychotherapy in these patients serious enough to rely on. This will lead to a better mental health and improve their quality of life. },  
Keywords = {marital satisfaction, pharmacologic treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapies, supportive psychotherapy, infertility},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {104-111}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Masoudnia, Ebrahim},  
title = {Social Etiology of Psychotic and Mood Disorders}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of social factors on the incidence and prevalence of psychotic and mood disorders and prediction of them based on the social factors. Method: This study was conducted based on a survey method and on the 150 hospitalized patients with psychotic and mood disorders admitted in the Yazd Centre of Psychiatry between March 2004 and March 2005. Random sampling method was used for patients selection. Distribution of psychotic and mood disorders in these patients were then compared according to some community variables such as gender, social class, marital status, geographical locality of accommodation, family history, and age. Results: There were significant differences between the three variables of social class (p<0.05), marital status (p<0.05), and family history (p<0.01), and the type of disorder. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that out of all considered variables in the model, two variables of social class and family history could predict the type of mental disorder. Conclusion: A correlation exists between the socio-economical status of the patients with the distribution of psychotic and mood disorders. },  
Keywords = {etiology, epidemiology, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, social factors},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {112-121}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-160-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-160-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shareh, Hossein and Aghamohammadian, Hamid Rez},  
title = {Relationship between Identity Status and Girls’ Runaway from Home}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: Regarding the importance of young girls running away from home and its social and family consequences, present paper studies the relationship between the identity status and girls' runaway from home. Method: Research method was descriptive and ex post facto. Convenient sampling method was used in which 20 runaway girls who were resided in Toos Well-being Centre, Mashhad were selected as well as 20 normal age and scholastic grade matched girls as their control group. Mean age was 16.9 years (SD=2.88). Second revised version of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-II) was used to explore identity status. T-test, point-biserial correlation, Pearson correlation, and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to analyze the data. Results: Mean scores on diffusion identity status was significantly higher than normal controls (p<0.01). A significant correlation existed also between the age and foreclosure identity status (p<0.05). Conclusion: The less the individual experienced identity crisis and developed a lesser commitment, the more she would be prone to attempt at running away from home. },  
Keywords = {runaway girls, identity, identity status},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {122-127}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-161-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-161-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bahri, Narges and Delshad, Ali and HaddizadehTalasaz, Fatemeh},  
title = {Efficacy of Organized Curriculum for Husbands about Menopause on the Menopausal Depression and Anxiety}, 
abstract ={  Abstract   Objectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of educating husbands of menopausal women about the signs and complications of menopause on depression and anxiety of women during menopausal period.   Method: In this clinical trial, 102 women aged 45-60 yrs were randomly assigned to two test and control groups. First, both groups completed individual demographic questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Spiell-Berger Anxiety Inventory. Then husbands of test group participated in the face-to-face educational sessions about the signs and complications of menopause. A month later, all clients completed Beck Depression Inventory and Spiell-berger Anxiety Inventory again.   Results: There was not any significant statistical difference between the two groups in the depression and anxiety scores mean. Mean score for depression was lower in the test group than the control group after the intervention the two groups differed significantly in this regard (p<0.05). Evaluation of anxiety score one month after the education also showed that the mean score of anxiety was significantly lower in the test group than the control (p<0.001).   Conclusion: Education of husbands about the signs and effects of menopause can have a significant reduction in the levels of dep-ression and anxiety during menopausal period.},  
Keywords = { menopause, education, depression, anxiety },
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {128-131}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nowroozi, Nosratollah and Atef-Vahid, Mohammad- kazem and Ghorbani, Nima and GhaziTabatabaee, Mahmou},  
title = {The Resistance and Transference Twin Factor in Patients with and without Personality Disorders}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This research aims at the empirical study of resistance and transference twin factor in patients with and without personality disorders. Method: In this empirical study with repeated measurements, 26 subjects with personality and anxiety disorders and 26 subjects with anxiety disorder without personality disorders were randomly assigned to two experimental and control subgroups of 13 individuals. In the experimental subgroups, pressure toward feelings, clarification, and challenge to the resistance were carried out during three 45-minute sessions with one-week intervals. In other subgroups, no such intervention was used and the therapist was only hearing patients’ feelings. The Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ) was employed to assess patient’s defensive style after the evaluation session resistance and transference were also measured respectively by the Resistance Assessment Scale (RAS) and Transference Assessment Scale (TAS) after the evaluation session and each of the interventional sessions. Repeated Measures Analysis method was used for analyzing the data. Results: Findings showed that challenge to the resistance led to the intensification of negative transference however with no significant differences in resistance and positive transference. More Intensi-fication of negative transference in the personality-disordered group was observed. Conclusion: In the intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, pressure toward experiencing feelings, clarification of defenses, and challenge to the resistance lead to intensification of transference feelings which is more intensive in patients with personality disorders. So paying attention to both transference and resistance in psychotherapy is essential. If the resistance and transference twin factor is not considered and challenged, the therapeutic alliance will not be then activated against the resistance, the therapist and the patient will not be able to access major material of the therapy, and the therapy process will be deviated. This problem is more important in patients with personality disorders. },  
Keywords = {intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, resistance, transference, twin factor, challenge to resistance},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {132-139}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bakhtiari, Maryam and Yazdandost, Rokhsare and Birashk, Behrooz and GhaziTabatabie, Mahmou},  
title = {Relationship between Control-related Beliefs with Externalizing and Internalizing Psychopathology in Children}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between control-related beliefs with the internalizing and externalizing psy-chopathology in children. Method: In this ex post facto study, 80 children with internalizing and externalizing disorders who were referred to the counseling clinic and private offices were selected on a convenient sampling method then classified under two psychopathology groups. The control group was selected from 40 children matched in age and sex with the affected subjects. Three scales were used for measuring control-related beliefs in three academic, behavioral and social domains: The Perceived Control Scale, Perceived Contingency Scale, and the Perceived Competence Scale. Multi-variate analysis of variance and descriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis. Results: This study revealed significant differences in the control- and competence-related beliefs under the academic, behavioral and social domains between the internalizing and externalizing psychopathology groups and the normal control group (p<0.001). In competence beliefs, there were significant differences between the internalizing and externalizing psychopathology groups under the behavioral domain (p<0.001). No significant differences was observed in the belief of contingency between the three groups. Conclusion: Control and competence beliefs are specific for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and can differentiate mentally healthy states from psychopathology. Contingency belief does not have a significant correlation with psychopathology. Behavioral competence belief can differentiate externalizing from internalizing group and is considered specific for externalizing psychopathology states. },  
Keywords = {control-related beliefs, externalizing psychopathology, internalizing psychopathology, children},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {140-147}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RahimianBoogar, Eshagh and Nouri, Abolghasem and Oreizy, Hamidreza and Molavi, Hosein and ForoughiMobarake, Abdorrez},  
title = {Relationship between Adult Attachment Styles with Job Satisfaction and Job Stress in Nurses}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: As attachment styles are crucial to the communicative features specially intimacy, satisfaction, and commitment, the relation-ship between adult attachment styles with job satisfaction and job stress was investigated in nurses in the Isfahan state hospitals. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 160 nurses (95 women and 65 men) working in the state hospitals in Isfahan were selected by a stepwise randomized sampling as subjects of the study. Mean age was 33 years (SD=2.7 for men and 1.9 for women) in men and women. Data were collected using Adult Attachment Inventory, Job Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction Scale, and Job Stress Scale and then analyzed by correlational and stepwise regression statistical analysis. Results: Mean total scores for subjects with secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles were measured to be respectively 11.1 (SD=5), 9.00 (SD=4.2), and 8.1 (4.4). Correlation coefficient between job stress and scores for secure and avoidant attachment styles were- 0.71 (p<0.05) and 0.69 (p<0.05) respectively. Conclusion: Level of stress is less in subjects with secure attachment styles than in subjects with avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles. Attachment style can well predict job satisfaction and job stress. },  
Keywords = {adult attachment style, job satisfaction, job stress, nurses, estate hospitals},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {148-157}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Esmaeeli, Ma’asoomeh and Ahadi, Hassan and Delavar, Ali and Shafei-abadi, Abdollah},  
title = {Effects of Emotional Intelligence Factors Training on Enhancing Mental Health}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: Current study is investigating the effects of teaching emotional intelligence factors on the enhancement of mental health. Method: In this experimental design, 30 male and female clients within the 20-25 years of age who had presented to the counseling centres were first selected and randomly put into two study and control groups. After pre-testing the two groups by the 133-item Bar-on Emotional Intelligence Test and SCL-90-R, the study group was provided with 12 weekly 2-hours training sessions on the emotional intelligence factors. Post-testing of the two groups was then conducted. Results: Treated data through co-variance analysis and one-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that training on the emotional intelligence factors was significantly effective in the improvement of mental health (p<0.001) and has reduced symptoms in mental health disorders. Conclusion: Training on the emotional intelligence factors promotes mental health and the individual will score higher in the personal reports of internal situations and in feeling capable of facing the problems. },  
Keywords = {emotional intelligence, mental health, training},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {158-165}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zarean, Mostafa and Asadollah-pour, Amin and Bakhshi-pourRoodsari, Abbas},  
title = {Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Problem-solving Styles with General Health}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = {emotional intelligence, problem-solving styles, helplessness, confidence, general health},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {166-172}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MotamediSharek, Farzaneh and Afrooz, Gholamali},  
title = {Attributional Styles and Mental Health in Gifted Vs. Normal Students}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The present study aims to compare attributional styles and mental health of gifted vs. normal students. It also investigates the existing relationships between these variables. Method: In this post hoc descriptive survey, 60 gifted students (30 boys and 30 girls selected by a random sampling method) and 60 normal students (30 boys and 30 girls selected by a cluster sampling method) were enrolled. Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test, Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were used for data collection. Analysis of the data was carried out using regression, one-way and multivariate analysis of variance, and t-test. Results: It was found that internal-external attributional style in gifted male students can predict status of mental health. There were significant differences between the two boys and girls student groups in the internal–external and global-specific attributional styles of unfavorable events. A significant difference was also noted between the two groups of gifted and normal students in the global-specific attributional style of unfavorable events. Assessment of mental health, too, disclosed a significant difference between the two normal and gifted student groups in the social dysfunctioning feature. Conclusion:  Gifted students had a global attributional style and female students had an external and specific attributional style in failure situations. Gifted students were also found to suffer more from social dysfunctioning than the normal students. },  
Keywords = {attributional styles, mental health, students, gifted},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {173-181}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Aghamohammadian, Hamid Reza and KamalShanbadi, Ali},  
title = {Effect of Muscle Relaxation and Cognitive Restructuring under Hypnosis in Women with Migraine: Single-case Study}, 
abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of muscle relaxation and cognitive restructuring by alert hypnosis on women with common migraine who had not responded appropriately to the medication. Method: Using a single-case study, we randomly selected 6 women with migraine from those referring to the psychiatry and psychology centres in the city Borazjan. They were assessed by a clinical interview, Measurement Scale of Pain Power, Measurement Scale of Pain Distress, Mcguil Questionnaire of Pain, and Beck’s Depression and Anxiety Inventory. We treated them after a primary evaluation (baseline) by muscle relaxation method and cognitive restructuring under alert hypnosis. Study data are displayed in charts and descriptive statistics. Results: Findings showed that this treatment modality generally can reduce the frequency, duration of attacks, severity, and distress of the pain in migraine. We observed maximum reductions in the severity and distress of the pain. Significant improvement was noted in five out of six subjects and it even increased in the 3 months and a half of follow-up although one subject showed a slight improvement. The associated depression and anxiety with the migraine headache also showed significant reduction in all subjects. Conclusion: Relaxation and cognitive restructuring under alert hypnosis can be effective in reducing the severity and distress of the migraine pain in the affected patients. },  
Keywords = {headache, migraine, muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring, hypnosis},
volume = {13},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {182-188}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nojomi, Marzieh and Malakouti, Seyed Kazem and Bolhari, Jafar and PoshtMashadi, Marjan and AsgharZadehAmin, Safieh},  
title = {Predicting Factors of Suicide Attempts in Karaj General Population}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives:  The aim of this study was to determine a predictive model for suicide attempts based on risk factors in Karaj, Iran general population. The intention was to collect necessary information for plann- ing preventive, educational, and therapeutic interventions.Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 2300 randomly selected sample from 1.3 million Karaj residences. Information on the subjects were collected by using a modified SUPRE-MISS questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions about demographic characteristics, personal and family history, suicidal behavior, attempted suicide methods, history of  taking psychoactive drugs, history of psychiatric treatments, chronic physical and mental disorders, and community stress.  Data were collected by interviewing the subjects and analyzed using analysis of variance and logistic regression.Results:  Out of total sample, 65% were females, 57.2% were married, 48% had high school education, and 43.8% were householders.  The mean age of those with attempted suicide was 26 (±9) years.  The mean age of those with no attempted suicide was 32 (±13) years. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). This study showed that age (adolescence), sex (female), history of mental disorder, the lifetime use of tobacco and/or alcohol as well as unemployment can independently predict suicide attempts.Conclusion:  Planning to reduce suicide attempts in researches on high-risk population as in teenagers, women, psychiatric patients, smokers and alcohol abusers is necessary.    },  
Keywords = { suicide, risk factors, prevalence, predictive Model},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {219-226}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abedi, Shiva and Shirazi, Elham and Hajebi, Ahm},  
title = {Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder more Common in Substance Dependency?}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This project aimed to determine the frequency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with substance de-pendence. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with substance dependence who were referred to clinics of Iran Psychiatry Hospital between 2003-2004 and selected by available sampling.  Child Symptom Inventory (CSI) for ADHD, adult ADHD, and demographic questionnaire were completed for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and c2 test. Results: Mean age of the clients was 31.8 (SD=9.4) with a range of 18-55 years, all of whom were men. Childhood ADHD was noted in 27% (3% attention deficit type, 16% hyperactive type, and 8% combined type) and adult ADHD was noted in 16% (7% attention deficit type, 3% hyperactive type and 6% combined type) of the subjects. Half (50%) of the clients had neither childhood nor adult ADHD diagnosis. The mean age of starting substance use was 18.3 years (SD=3.2) in patients with ADHD and 21.5 years (SD=5.1) in clients not affected by ADHD which were significantly different from one another (p<0.01). Conclusion: ADHD is correlated with substance dependency and early onset of substance use. },  
Keywords = { attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance dependency, Child Symptom Inventory (CSI)},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {227-231}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fallahi-Khoshknab, Masoo},  
title = {Effect of Recreational Therapy on Mental Status of Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: One of the group interventions in mental rehabilitation is recreational therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of recreational therapy on the mental status of patients with schizophrenia. Method: In this pre-test post-test interventional study, 45 clients with chronic schizophrenia hospitalized in the Razi Psychiatric Center in Tehran (Iran) were selected through a goal-directed sampling method. They were then assessed with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) before being sent on a 10-day recreational trip to Meshed (Iran). All participants were reassessed afterwards with the aforemen-tioned scale. T-test was used for data analysis. Results: Mean total BPRS scores decreased from 42.5 at pre-test to 29.8 post-test. T-test revealed the difference in mental state of patients with schizophrenia pre-test compared to post-test to be significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Recreational therapy as a non-physical intervention for rehabilitation can promote mental status of patients with chronic schizophrenia. },  
Keywords = { recreational therapy, mental rehabilitation, schizophrenia},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {232-237}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahgholian, Mahnaz and Moradi, Alireza and Kafee, Mus},  
title = {Relationship of Alexithymia with Emotional Expression Styles and General Health among University Students}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: In this study was the relationship of alexithymia with the emotional expression styles (emotional expressiveness, emotional control, and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness) and general health investigated among university students. The effect of gender on alexithymia is also studied. Method: A total of 210 university students (105 female, 105 male) from Guilan University were selected using a multi-stage randomized sampling method and were assessed by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, Emotional Control Ques-tionnaire, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, and General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. Results: Alexithymia was significantly correlated with all emotional control subscales: significantly positive correlation with the emotional inhibition and rumination subscales (p<0.01), and significantly negative correlation with the aggression control and benign control subscales (p<0.01). Alexithymia had also a significantly direct correlation with the style of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness (p<0.01). The results revealed a significant correlation between alexithymia and the total score of General Health Questionnaire. There was no significant difference between the female and male students with regards to the level of alexithymia. Conclusion: Alexithymia is a stronger indicator for the general health variance than the style of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. More alexithymic states are associated with decreased general health. },  
Keywords = { Alexithymia, emotional expressiveness, emotional control, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, general health},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {238-248}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bahrami, Fatemeh and Rezvan, Shiv},  
title = {Relationship between Anxious Thoughts and Metacognitive Beliefs in High School Students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, predominant and ongoing worry and tension. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between anxious thoughts and metacognitive beliefs among patients with GAD.  Method: For this study, 60 high school students (30 males and 30 females) were selected using cluster-random sampling. All of the subjects had generalized anxiety disorder according to DSM-IV criteria.  Subjects participated in the study by answering the Anxious Thought Inventory (ANTI) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.  The data were analyzed through descriptive statistic methods and analysis of variance.Results: The study showed that there are significant relationships between anxious thoughts (health, social, and meta worries) in girls and boys, and metacognitive beliefs about worry uncontrollability (p<0.05). The girls have considerably more positive metacognitive beliefs about worry compared to boys (p<0.001). The same is true in case of negative metacognitive beliefs (p<0.01). There are significant correlations between meta-worry and metacognitive beliefs about worry uncontrollability in girls and boys (p<0.05). Similar correlation exists between meta-worry and metacognitive beliefs about worry avoidance in both groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Positive and negative metacognitive beliefs can cause worry continuation. Gender differences in frequency of the meta-cognitive beliefs about worry is an explanation for higher rate of GAD among girls. },  
Keywords = { generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), metacognition, anxious thoughts, worry, meta-worry},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {249-255}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khayyer, Mohammad and Ostovar, Soghr},  
title = {Relationship between Social Anxiety and Cognitive Biases in Adolescents}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this research was to study and compare cognitive biases towards the negative social and non-social events in adolescents with high and low social anxiety. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study 125 boys and girls in first and second year of counseling and guidance school. 41 adolescents (18 boys, 23 girls) with high social anxiety and 84 adolescents (44 boys, 40 girls) with low social anxiety were assessed by the Social Anxiety Scale for Children, Children Depression Inventory and the Probability/Cost Questionnaire for Children (PCQ-C). Data were analyzed through t test, multivariate Covariance analysis and correlation analysis.Results: Adolescents with high social anxiety overestimated the cost and probability of negative social events compared to adolescents with low social anxiety, even after controlling for depression syndrome (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were noted between the two groups in the probability scores of the non-social events. The effect of gender and its interaction in the groups over the probability and cost of the negative non-social events also was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Adolescents with high social anxiety show more bias in the interpretation of negative social events than their peers with low social anxiety. },  
Keywords = { cognitive bias, social anxiety, adolescents, depression },
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {256-263}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahim, Sim},  
title = {Relational Aggression in Preschool Children}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This study aimed to investigate relational aggression in the preschool children in Shiraz as it causes harmful events for both the aggressive child and the other children. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional survey, 258 children (119 boys, 139 girls) aged 3 to 7 years completed a 10-itemed questionnaire in the field of relational aggression for preschool children-teachers form and Relational Aggression and Popularity-Peers Form. Subjects were selected from the four kindergartens referred by Shiraz Welfare Organization. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and t-test. Results: Most of the preschool children as early as 3 years of age use relational aggression in their relationship with peers which results in the elimination of some of the kids from the group or makes some dump others. Gender difference was not significant in this regard. Relational aggression among peers also did not differ significantly in all age groups. Relational aggression as believed by peer nomination and teacher rating was significantly correlated with children’s popularity (p<0.001). There was a positive and significant correlation between the relational aggression and oppositional defiant disorder (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is no significant differences in relational aggression between the preschool Iranian boys and girls. Children who use relational aggression are popular among peers. },  
Keywords = { relational aggression, preschool children, gender},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {264-271}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zareidoost, Elham and Atefvahid, Mohammad Kazem and Bayanzadeh, Seyed Akbar and Birashk, Behrooz},  
title = {Comparison of Locus of Control, Coping Style and Irrational Beliefs in Prostitutes and Non-Delinquent Women}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to identify and determine coping styles, locus of control, and irrational beliefs in prostitutes in comparison with normal women. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 60 subjects (30 prostitutes and 30 normal women) participated by filling out Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, Moos and Biling's Coping Style Questionnaire, and Johnn's Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire. Prostitutes were selected based on convenient sampling and normal women were selected from vocational school students. Both groups were matched by age and edu- cational level. Collected data were analyzed using t-test and c2 test. Results: The results showed no significant correlation between locus of control and delinquency. Coping styles focused on problem solving and rational beliefs were similar in both groups. However, prostitutes relied on emotional coping style in stressful situations more frequently than non-delinquent women did (p<0.05). Conclusion: Prostitutes rely on emotional manipulations and emotional coping style more than non-delinquent women when encountering life difficulties.  They feel more helplessness and show higher levels of worry with anxiety in response to changes. },  
Keywords = { prostitutes, coping styles, locus of control, irrational believes},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {272-279}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shokri, Omid and Kadivar, Parvin and DaneshvarPour, Zohreh},  
title = {Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being: Role of Personality Traits}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The goal of the study was to examine five main per-sonality factors in both genders and the role of personality traits in the Subjective Well-being Scales. Method: A total of 425 students (167 male and 258 female) completed the Five Factors Inventory (BFI) and Subjective Well-being Scales. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to examine gender differences on the five big personality factors (i.e. extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience, neuroticism, and agree-ableness). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were also conducted to examine the relation between gender and Subjective Well-being Scales, and to test whether this association was moderated by neuro-ticism and extraversion. Results: Girls scored significantly higher than boys in factors for neuroticism and agreeableness (p<0.001 for both) boys scored significantly higher than girls in factors for extraversion (p<0.001), conscientiousness (p<0.01), and openness to experience (p<0.05). The MANOVA yielded significant main effect of gender. Results of hierarchical regression analyses, too, showed that after controlling for the personality factors, there was no significant correlation between the variable gender and any of the three levels of subjective well-being. In other words, findings suggest that gender differences in personality factors of neuroticism and extraversion play an influential role in predicting their subjective well-being state. Conclusion: Personality traits act as moderators in the relation between the students’ gender and their subjective well-being. Authorities in general health must also recognize the role of personality traits in examining the relationship between gender differences and subjective well-being state of individuals. },  
Keywords = {subjective well-being, personality traits, gender differences},
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {280-289}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Samani, Syamak and Jokar, Bahram and Sahragard, Narges},  
title = {Effects of Resilience on Mental Health and Life Satisfaction}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resilience on mental health and life satisfaction.Method: In a cross-sectional study, 287 Shiraz University students (173 females and 114 males) with mean age of 23.17 years (SD 4.9) were assessed. Subjects filled out the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), short form of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equations modeling.Results: Simultaneous hierarchical regression revealed that negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, and stress have significant mediating roles on family resilience (p<0.001) and life satisfaction (p<0.001).Conclusion: Resilience will lead to life satisfaction by means of reduced levels of negative emotions. Resilience has, in fact, an indirect effect on life satisfaction. },  
Keywords = {resilience, negative emotions, mental health, life satisfaction },
volume = {13},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {290-295}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2007}  
}

@article{ 
author = {BagherianSararoudi, Reza and Guilani, Bijan and BahramiEhsan, Hadi and Saneei, Hami},  
title = {Relationship between Post-Myocardial Infarction Depression and Left Ventricular Function}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This research was carried out to investigate the relationship between depression and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after Myocardial Infarction (MI). Method: In a prospective study 176 patients aged between 32 and 84 with a mean age of 56 years (SD 10.05) who were admitted with a diagnosis of MI to coronary care unit (CCU) in the city of Isfahan during the first five months of 2006, were selected using convenience sampling.  Demographic and medical information were collected and LVEF after MI was measured by either echocardiography or angiography. The patients were then evaluated using Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI­PC) three months after MI. Data collected during hospitalization and follow-up phase were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: The results showed that left ventricular dysfunction, which is indicated by LVEF is significantly associated with depression three months after MI (p<0.01). This predictive model (which only includes LVEF) also yielded 64.8% maximum predictive efficiency with 55.7% sensitivity and 72.1% specificity.Conclusion: Left ventricular dysfunction is associated with the risk of post-MI depression.   },  
Keywords = {depression, myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {320-327}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohseni, Shima and AfkhamEbrahimi, Azizeh and Daneshamouz, Badry},  
title = {A Comparison of the Effects of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics on Inducing Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on inducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia were compared in this study. Method: In a comparative-descriptive study 64 patients with schizophrenia (32 patients in typical antipsychotic group and 32 patients in atypical antipsychotic group) were investigated. All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia based on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), underwent Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at the beginning, as well as three and six weeks after treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance, and t-test. Results: In the group receiving typical antipsychotics, mean Y-BOCS scores were 2.40, 2.30, and 2.18 at the beginning, at three weeks and at six weeks after treatment respectively. Also, in the group receiving atypical antipsychotics Y-BOCS scores were 4.12, 4.46, and 4.53 at the beginning, at three weeks and at six weeks after treatment respectively. The difference of Y-BOCS scores in the two groups receiving typical and atypical antipsychotics was close to significance before treatment, and significant at three and six weeks after treatment (p<0.05). In the typical group one patient with positive family history showed a decrease in obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and in the atypical group one patient with positive family history showed an increase in obsessive-compulsive symptoms.  Conclusion: Atypical antipsychotics can induce obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Despite the importance of family history in the clinical manifestations of obsession in atypical antipsychotic users, the role of this factor in the increase or decrease in obsessive-compulsive symptoms was minimal.   },  
Keywords = {typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, schizophrenia},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {328-334}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Taremian, Farhad and Bolhari, Jafar and Pairavi, Hamid and GhaziTabatabaeii, Mahmou},  
title = {The Prevalence of Drug Abuse among University Students in Tehran}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = { prevalence, drug use, student, cigarette, water pipe, opium, addiction, Tehran },
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {335-342}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ranjbar-Kermania, Tahereh and Sharifi, Vandad and Amini, Homayou},  
title = {Treatment Delay and Pathways to Care in First Episode Psychosis}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was investigation the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), associated factors and pathways to care among patients with first episode psychosis admitted to Roozbeh Hospital. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 91 patients with the diagnosis of first episode psychosis admitted to Roozbeh Hospital in Tehran, were assessed regarding the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP, defined as the duration between the appearance of first symptoms of psychosis and the time of the first adequate treatment or admission to the hospital), pathways to care and mode of illness onset. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskall Wallis test, and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient.Results: In 35.2% of the subjects, the illness had an acute mode of onset (less than two weeks). Regarding the type of disorders, bipolar disorder (29.7%) and schizophrenia (19.8) constituted the most prevalent diagnoses. Mean DUP was 52.03 weeks (with a standard deviation of 114.7 weeks). Most patients were seen by psychiatrists and the second most people referred to were traditional healers. Referrals to Roozbeh Hospital were mostly by family and friends.  In this study DUP was longer in patients living in urban areas (p<0.01), the unemployed (p<0.01), the ones with schizophrenia (p<0.05), and those with a gradual onset of illness (i.e. more than two weeks) (p<0.00l). Conclusion: DUP and its relation with different factors were to an extent similar to other studies. However, in Iran a higher number of patients with first episode psychosis see traditional healers.     },  
Keywords = { referral pathways, first episode psychosis, untreated psychosis},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {343-350}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahim, Sima and Yousefi, Farideh and Ghanbari, Mahboobeh},  
title = {Psychometric Characteristics of Quay-Peterson Revised Behavior Problem Checklist}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This study was conducted to investigate psychometric characteristics of Quay-Peterson Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Method: The core of this study was scale development and 458 schoolchildren (255 boys and 203 girls) from elementary schools, of four educational districts in the city of Shiraz (Iran) were recruited using cluster random sampling method. The subjects were then assessed using Quay-Peterson Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Results: The validity of the checklist was obtained using item-total correlations, factor analysis and the correlation between the checklist scores and Rutter Children Behavior Questionnaire total score (0.88). Factor analysis using principle component analysis followed by varimax rotation led to the extraction of four factors with eigenvalues of greater than one which included: conduct disorder, attention problems-immaturity, social aggression and anxiety-withdrawal. The reliability of the scale using test-retest was as follows: 0.88 for total score, 0.90 for conduct disorders, 0.85 for attention problems- immaturity, 0.79 for social aggression, and 0.78 for anxiety-withdrawal. Cronbach alpha coefficients were 0.98, 0.97, 0.97, 0.82, and 0.85 for the total score, conduct disorder, attention problems-immaturity, social aggression and anxiety-withdrawal respectively. Conclusion: Quay-Peterson Revised Behavior Problem Checklist is a valid and reliable instrument for use in Iran.    },  
Keywords = { behavior problems in children, Quay-Peterson Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, validity, reliability},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {350-358}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Samani, Siamak},  
title = {Study of Reliability and Validity of the Buss and Perry\'s Aggression Questionnaire}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to measure the reliability and validity of the Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire. This ques-tionnaire includes 29 questions which was used by psychologists after being translated to Farsi.Method: In a cross-sectional study 492 18-22 years old students (248 male, 244 female) from Shiraz University, who were selected using the random-cluster sampling method, were evaluated using the Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, factor analysis and t-test.Results: Using factor analysis, the four factors of anger, physical and verbal aggression, resentment and suspicion were extracted. The test-retest reliability of this questionnaire was 0.78. Also, the comparison of these factors between males and females revealed that males scored significantly higher at anger (p<0.001), aggression (p<0.001) and suspicion (p<0.01). In addition, the high correlation of the factors with the total score of the questionnaire, the weak correlation of factors with each other and alpha coefficient scores is an indication of the adequacy and the practicality of this questionnaire for being used by researchers, professionals and psychologists in Iran. Conclusion: Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire has appropriate validity and reliability for being used by researchers and professionals.    },  
Keywords = {Buss and Perry\'s Aggression Questionnaire, behavioral disorders, behavioral scales},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {359-365}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Dabbaghi, Parviz and AsgharnejadFarida, Ali-asghar and Atef-Vahidb, Mohammad Kazem and Bolharic, Jafar},  
title = {Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness and Spiritual Schema Activation in the Prevention of Opioid Abuse Relapse}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The main aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spiritual schema activation on reducing relapse in opioid abuse. Method: In an experimental study, 90 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence based on DSM-IV criteria were randomly assigned to two experimental and one control groups. The experimental groups took 12 two-hour sessions of group therapy. The subjects were evaluated using the Opiate Treatment Index (OPI), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and the Questionnaire of the Effect of Spirituality on Behavior, before the beginning of treatment, at the twelfth session and follow-up, four months after treatment. The control group did not take group therapy and was merely treated with naltrexone. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and c2 test. Results: The data showed that both group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spiritual schema activation and cognitive behavior therapy were more effective than naltrexone in relapse prevention (p<0.01), compliance, treatment retention (p<0.0001), decreasing the amount of drug abuse, somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, and health imrprovement (p<0.01). Conclusion: It seems that cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spiritual schema activation has a significant additive effect on therapeutic treatment and CBT in opioid abuse relapse.    },  
Keywords = { relapse prevention, mindfulness, spiritual schema, drug abuse, opioids},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {366-375}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jowkar, Bahram and Rahimi, Mehdi},  
title = {Study of the Effect of Family Communication Patterns on Happiness in a Group of High School Students in Shiraz}, 
abstract ={  Abstract   Objectives: Happiness is one of the most basic concepts in positive psychology. The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of family communication patterns, including consensual, pluralistic, protective and laissez-faire, on happiness.   Method: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 200 high school students (100 females, 100 males) in the city of Shiraz who were selected through clustered-multistage-randomized method. The revised version of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was used to evaluate happiness and the revised version of Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire was used to assess relationship patterns. Cronbach alpha coefficient and factor analysis were used to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaires respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance.   Results: Data showed a significant difference regarding the level of happiness among communication patterns (p<0.001). Scheffe’s test showed that the happiness score was higher in consensual and pluralistic patterns and lower in protective and laissez-faire patterns (p<0.05). Also, in consensual and pluralistic patterns the level of happiness was higher in males than in females.   Conclusion: The conversation aspect of the family, in comparison with conformity, especially in boys, is the main factor determining familial relationships, which leads to a higher level of happiness.   },  
Keywords = {happiness, family communication patterns, conversation, conformity },
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {376-384}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sepehri, Safoora and Latifian, Mortez},  
title = {The Effects of Epistemological Beliefs on Goal Achievement in University Students}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Since epistemological beliefs can be the basis for description of important educational issues such as goals of educational improve-ment, this research examined the effect of epistemological beliefs on goal achievement. Method: In a prospective study, epistemological beliefs and improve- ment goals were evaluated based on Schommer’s theory and Elliot and McGregor’s pattern of achievement goals respectively. Subjects consisted of 387 students (234 female, 153 male) from different fields of study in the University of Shiraz, who were selected using randomized cluster sampling and then evaluated with Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire and Achievement Goal Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using simultaneous multiple regression method. Results: Belief in quick learning (p<0.001) was negatively associated with mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance and performance-approach goals. Belief in certain knowledge was positively associated with mastery-avoidance goal (p<0.05). Also, belief in fixed ability  was positively associated with performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals (p<0.05). Finally, belief in simple knowledge was positively associated with performance-avoidance (p<0.01).  Conclusion: The epistemological beliefs of students have significant effects on their improvement goals.    },  
Keywords = {epistemological beliefs, improvement goals, students},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {385-392}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {DaneshvarPour, Zohreh and TajicEsmaeili, Aziz o llah and Shahraray, Mehrnaz and Farzad, Vali o llah and Shokri, Omi},  
title = {Sex Differences in Social Intimacy: The Role of Identity Styles}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between sex and social intimacy with an emphasis on the mediating role of identity styles in high school students. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study 2099 students (1008 males and 1091 females) who were selected using random cluster sampling from high schools in the city of Tehran completed The Identity Styles Inventory and The Miller Social Intimacy Scale (MSIS). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression. Results: The results of MANOVA showed that in general there is a significant difference between the two sexes and different educational levels with regard to the three levels of identity styles. Results of correlation matrix showed a positive and significant correlation between social intimacy (p<0.01) and informational (p<0.01), normative styles and commitment (p<0.01) in boys and girls and a negative and nonsignificant correlation between social intimacy and diffuse/ avoidant style in girls, and a significant negative correlation between social intimacy and diffuse/avoidant style in boys (p<0.05). The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that sex (p<0.001), educational grade (p<0.01), informational style (p<0.001), normative style (p<0.001), and commitment (p<0.05) are significant predictors of social intimacy.conclusion: Despite a significant correlation between informational, normative styles with social intimacy in the evaluation of the correlation between demographic variables such as sex and age with social intimacy, the role of identity style is not very important.    },  
Keywords = {sex differences, social intimacy, identity styles, students, Tehran},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {393-404}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {},  
title = {Perceived Self-efficacy and Coping Strategies in Stressful Situations}, 
abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This study was carried out to determine the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and coping strategies in stressful situations. Method: This study was conducted using survey and cross-sectional method. Data were collected from 373 students of seven educational groups of Yazd University, between 22 June and 22 July 2006. The subjects were selected through cluster-randomized sampling method. The instruments for gathering data were Coping Strategies Scale-Revised (CSS-R), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), Undergraduate Students Scale (USS), and Multidimensional Assessment of Stressful Life Events Scale (MASLES).  Results: The results showed significant difference among students with different levels of perceived self-efficacy, with regard to coping strategies in general (P<0.001), and with regard to components of coping strategies: seeking social support (p<0.01), avoidance coping (P<0.001), emotion-focused coping (p<0.01), active coping (p<0.01), and self-control (p<0.01) in particular. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the perceived self-efficacy variable accounted for 20.3% of the variance in coping strategies. Conclusion: The results of the current study casts doubt on the premises of social-cognitive theory about the higher use of problem-focused coping by persons with high perceived self-efficacy, and the higher use of emotion-focused coping, such as avoidance coping and self-control by persons with lower perceived self-efficacy.    },  
Keywords = {coping strategies, self-efficacy, stress, stressful situations},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {405-415}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zaki, Mohammad Ali},  
title = {Quality of Life and its Relationship with Self-esteem in Male and Female Students of Isfahan University}, 
abstract ={Short Scientific Article: AbstractObjectives: Since quality of life, happiness and life satisfaction are regarded as indices of general and mental health, this research evaluates the correlation between quality of life and self-esteem among students. Method: The present study was a survey research in which 200 Isfahan University Students (100 females and 100 males) were evaluated. To measure quality of life and self esteem, Missoula-Vitas Quality of Life Index (MVQOLI) and Rabson’s Self-esteem Questionnaire were used respectively. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. Results: Results indicate a significant relationship between self-esteem and quality of life (r=0.48), but there was no significant difference between the quality of life of male and female students of Isfahan University. Also, even though there was a significant statistical relationship between each of the five factors of quality of life and self-esteem, regression analysis showed that the factors of interpersonal relationship, transcendence and function had the highest predictive power of self-esteem from among the five factors. Conclusion: There is a correlation between students’ evaluation of their quality of life and their self-esteem.  },  
Keywords = {quality of life, self-esteem, students, Isfahan University},
volume = {13},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {416-419}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services},
url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology},  
issn = {1735-4315}, 
eissn = {2228-7515}, 
year = {2008}  
}