@article{ author = {RadGoodarzi, R. and Assadi, S. M. and AhmadiAbhari, A.}, title = {Baclofen in Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial with Placebo-Controlled}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Key words: baclofen, opioid dependence, maintenance treatment}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {184-194}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Hafezi, M. and Asaadi, S. M. and Razzaghi, O. M. and Mokri, A.}, title = {High Doses of Buprenorphine in One-day Opium Detoxification: Clinical Trial}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The efficacy of high doses of buprenorphine prescription in one day was compared with the usual method. Method: In a double-blind trial, 40 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence (based on DSM- IV criteria) were randomly assigned into two groups. 20 patients received 12 mg of buprenorphine intramuscularly in divided doses during one day long 20 other patients were administered the usual decreasing doses of buprenorphine over five days. The followings were evaluated: success rate in detoxification, treatment retention in days, intensity of subjective withdrawal symptoms, intensity of objective withdrawal symptoms, level of drug craving, level of adjuvant drug use, drug side-effects, rate of positive urine tests for opioids, and levels of hepatic enzymes. Data were analyzed via statis- tical c2, t, Mann-Whitney, and Fisher tests. Findings: There was no significant difference between the two groups across most variables. The only difference observed was when the most withdrawal symptoms were evident, which was in the initial part of detoxification for the one-day treatment group and also at the end of the period for the five-days treatment group. Results: To shorten the detoxification period, the one-day and high doses of buprenorphine treatment can be beneficial even though further evaluations with a larger sample may be required. However, the use of injectable buprenorphine is not recommended in routine clinical practice, because of its possible abuse and serious side effects.}, Keywords = {Key words: buprenorphine, opioid dependence, detoxification}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {195-202}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Badiei, M. M. and Eftekhar, M.}, title = {Rapid and Clonidine Detoxification in Opium Dependent Patients}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to compare two programs of treatment, the rapid (naltrexone/ clonidine) and the conventional (clonidine) detoxification. Method: 54 opioid dependent patients referred to the clinic of Iran Educational Psychiatric Center participated in the study they were randomly placed in two groups. 28 patients in group A (naltrexone/ clonidine) and 26 patients in group B (clonidine) were studied. Data were collected via clinical in- terview based on DSM-IV criteria and a questionnaire appraising demographic in- formation and drug use patterns. For statistical evaluations, descriptive tests, t-test, and c2 were used. Findings: Both groups were similar in terms of demographic information,  pattern of drug use, and the rate of attrition in the one-month follow up. The severity of withdrawal symptoms was the same in the two groups and assessed generally at the moderate level. There was no difference in the rate of treatment completion between the two groups (94% for group A and 96% for group B). However, the length of hospitalization was significantly lower in group A than group B (five days. vs. nine days). There were no major side effects observed in the two groups. There were no significant differ-rences in terms of maintaining in treatment and rate of relapse in the one month follow up. Relapse rates were 50% and 46% respectively in groups A and B. Results: As an effective method, rapid detoxification with naltrexone combined with clonidine is recommended considering its moderate severity of withdrawal symptoms, short period of detoxi-fication, lack of severe adverse effects, as well as the possibility of rapid commencement of treat-ment with naltrexone for maintenance treatment.  }, Keywords = {Key words: clonidine, naltrexone, opioid dependence, rapid detoxification, addiction}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {203-213}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Eftekhar, E. and Taghva, A.}, title = {Rapid Detoxification of Opium Dependent Patients via Opioid Antagonist}, abstract ={Abstract Objectives: This project was conducted to assess the feasibility and outcome of rapid detoxification method. Method: 41 opium dependent patients (37 males, 4 females) with mean age of 29.1 years (17-44) who had been consecutive admitted to Iran Psychiatric Center during one year period were detoxified with subcutaneous naloxone (11 patients) or oral naltrexone (30 patients). Finally the detoxification was completed with the consumption of 50 mg of oral naltrexone. Findings: The required time for this method of detoxification was less than 72 hours. Except for two cases, all patients completed the treatment (95%).Among all serious side effects,delirium was seen in two subjects (5%). Results: The advantageous of this method of detoxification included little side effects, short period of treatment, significant efficacy, lower cost, and feasibility to provide the treatment to larger group of patients. Therefore, controlled study to replicate these findings is suggested. }, Keywords = {Key words: opium dependence, naloxone, naltrexone, rapid detoxification}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {214-219}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {GhaffariNejad, A. and Ziaadini, H. and ShahsavariPour, A.}, title = {Naltrexone Maintenance Treatment of Opium Dependents and its Relation with Demographics and Psychological Factors}, abstract ={Abstract Objectives:This project was conducted to appraise the role of naltrexone drug and its relation with the demographics and psychological factors in relapse prevention of opium addicts post the detoxi- fication phase. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 107 male opium dependents who had received detoxifica-tion treatment at the dual diagnosis ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kerman were educated about naltrexone maintenance treatment. The continuum of naltrexone consumption by the subjects was followed up via telephone contacts one month and once again in three months after hospital discharge. Subjects' demographic factors were evaluated by way of a demographic questionnaire and their psychological features were assessed by SCL-90-R questionnaire before the appearance of withdrawal symptoms.  Findings: The mean age of subjects was 33.75 ± 7.86 years. There was a positive correlation bet-ween patients’ level of education and the length of time subjects remained on naltrexone drug. 27.1% of subjects consumed the drug for less than a month 59.8% took it for one month, and 13.1% used it for three months. The first group scored significantly higher across all scales of SCL-90-R than the other two groups. Results: Prescription of naltrexone is more beneficial for educated patients.Pharmacotherapy coupled with non-medicinal treatment may lengthen naltrexone maintenance treatment.  }, Keywords = {Key words: opioid, naltrexone, maintenance treatment, SCL-90-R}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {220-226}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Nohesara, Sh. and NasrEsfahani, M. and AfkhamEbrahimi, A.}, title = {Opioid Use in Hospitalized Patients of Hazrat Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This project evaluated the prevalence of opioid use in hospitalized patients of a general hospital in Iran. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 494 patients hospitalized at 12 wards of Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital were evaluated. They were selected through convenient sampling method. The pediatric, emergency, ICU, and CCU wards were excluded from this study. The instrument for collection of data was a researcher-constructed questionnaire. Data were analyzed via descriptive- statistical methods and c2. Findings: The lifetime prevalence of opium use was 11.7% (10.9% male 0.8% female)  and the pre- valence of current opium use was 7.1%. The highest frequency of opioid use was observed in the patients in neurosurgery ward (23.8%), in the age group of 30 to 44 years old range (13.7%), and with high school education (14.8%). 12.1% married, 10.8% single, and 7.7% divorced patients reported to have used opioid. The most common pattern of opioid use was daily (48.3%) and the most common method of use was through inhalation (63. 8%). Results: Opioid use is pervasive in hospitalized patients at the general hospital further research is indispensable in this regard.  }, Keywords = {Key words: opioid use, general hospital, screening }, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {227-233}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {AfkhamEbrahimi, A. and Eftekhar, M. and Vahdat, A.}, title = {Psychoticism in Cannabis Users}, abstract ={Abstract Objectives: The aim of this project was to assess the frequency and intensity of psychoticism or psychotic liability in cannabis users. Method: 100 hashish consumers (98 males, 2 females) were selected via convenient sampling me- thod as the subjects of the study. They completed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) which measures the psychotic dimension in addition to neuroticism and extraversion. Some information on demographic characteristics such as age of the subjects, their pattern of consumption, and use of other substances were collected. Data were analyzed and presented by means of descriptive-statistical methods. Findings: This study indicated the considerable psychoticism in 50% of the sample.The obtained mean score of psychoticism in this project was higher than the score, which Eysenck had reported for the Iranian population. Results: Regarding the obtained data on cannabis use and psychoticism, it seems that cannabis may have adverse psychological effects on heavy users and can be considered as a risk factor for psy-chosis.}, Keywords = {Key words: psychoticism, cannabis, schizophrenia}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {234-240}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Goodarzi, M. A. and Zarnaghash, M. and Zarnaghash, M.}, title = {The Perceptions of Substance Abusers Regarding their Parental Discipline}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Key words: addiction, substance abuse, disciplinary pattern, family environment, Family Environmental Questionnaire}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {241-249}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Parvizi, S. and Ahmadi, F. and NikbakhtNasrabadi, A. R.}, title = {Adolescents’ Perspectives on Addiction: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={Abstract Objectives: The aim of this qualitative project was to ascertain the adolescents’ perspectives re-garding health and addiction. Method: 41 adolescents from Tehran (22 males, 19 females) between 11 and 19 years of age were evaluated by way of open and semi-structured interviews. These subjects were selected by sampl-ing based on the project objectives. The interviews with the subjects were tape-recorded, then trans- cribed, and finally content analyzed. Findings: 87% of subjects under the study claimed friendships and connections with cohorts and 15% declared family as the reasons for the prevalence of addiction. Other reasons of the adole-scents were being relieved of problems and being carefree, feeling superior and powerful, compensat- ing for social restrictions, unemployment and lack of recreations, oppositional tendencies, and curiosity. Results: Considering adolescents as builders of the future and also pervasiveness of addiction problem, attaining information is indispensable regarding the perspectives of this vulnerable group vis-à-vis the relation between the concept of health with  addiction. This can be useful in cultural, health, and social program planning as well as need and priority assessments.}, Keywords = {Key words: addiction, cigarettes, alcohol, adolescents, qualitative study }, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {250-257}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-98-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Foadodini, M. and Mokri, A. and Shafaroodi, N.}, title = {Relation between Communication Skills and Coping Mechanisms in Substance Abusers at Tehran Therapeutic Community Center}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to appraise the communication and coping skills of sub-stance abusers residing at a therapeutic community center. It also evaluated the relation between the scores of communication skills and coping strategies. Method: 25 male substance abusers residing at a therapeutic community center in Tehran partici-pated in this descriptive-analytical study. These detoxified subjects were evaluated by two means, Coping Strategies Checklist consisting of problem-focused, emotion- focused, and low effective and uneffective copings the second mean was Assessment of Communication and Interactional Skills, an observational test composed of three sections of physical aspects, information exchange, and relationships. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings: The mean score of problem-focused coping strategy was higher than emotion-focused, and lower effective and uneffective coping scores. The mean score of communication skills was quite high. No significant relation was found between various sections of communication skills and coping strategies. Results: The addicts’ communication skills are at an acceptable and appropriate level. Although this group is not a complete representative of substance abusers population, they do not seem to have significant difficulties in terms of communication skills. This is an important matter in planning the content of life skills training, and for this group, it is better to utilize more suitable methods to improve their coping strategies. }, Keywords = {Key words: addiction, substance abuse, problem solving, communication skills, coping strategies}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {258-264}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-99-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Najmi, H.}, title = {Scientific Report}, abstract ={Scientific Report}, Keywords = {}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {266-268}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Aminni, H. and Farhoodian, A. and Sadeghi, M. and Savari, M. E. and Akhundzadeh, Sh. and Sharifi, V.}, title = {Sodium Valproate: An Adjuvant treatment in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sodium valproate as an adjuvant treatment in patients afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method:42 patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder participated in an eight week- long double blind study. The subjects were placed in two groups,one taking fluoxetine along with sodium valproate and the other group taking fluoxetine with placebo.The efficacy of this adjuvant was assessed by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed by t-test, Mann-Whitney, and analysis of variance with repeated measures.Findings: 12 patients from the sodium valproate group and 11 patients from the placebo group com- pleted the project.This evaluation illustrated that efficacy of sodium valproate did not cause signi- ficant difference between two groups. Headache, anxiety,and insomnia were observed more com- monly in the placebo group the rate of tremor was higher in the sodium valproate group.Results: Sodium valproate as an adjuvant treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder does not bind added efficacy in an eight weeklong treatment period. }, Keywords = {Key words: sodium valproate, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fluoxetine, adjuvant}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {4-10}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Eftekhar, M. and Dadfar, M. and KarimiKaisami, E.}, title = {Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to appraise the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Method: This was a descriptive-retrospective study. Out of 4000 patients of Tehran Psychiatric Institute’s Clinic during the years of 1996-2000, a total of 648 cases diagnosed based on DSM-IV criteria were selected systematic randomly. The cases were further evaluated via a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods. Findings: 35.6% of patients had the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders.The diagnoses of simul- taneous disorders on axis I, according to diagnostic categories,included mood and anxiety disorders (34.6%) and mood and substance-related disorders (6.9%). The comorbidities according to disorders within each of diagnostic categories included major depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders (16.0%), major depressive and dysthymic disorders (7.8%), dysthymic and obsessive-compulsive disorders (5.6%), and finally obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia (3.9%). The diag-nosis of simultaneous disorders on axis II, according to clusters A, B, and C,  included A and C (0.4%). The particular comorbidities according to disorders within each of the clusters A, B, or C included histrionic with borderline (0.9%) and paranoid with obsessive-compulsive (0.4%). The simultaneous diagnoses on axis I and II included mood disorders with personality disorders in general (7.8%) and mood disorders with cluster B  of personality disorders in particular (14.7%), anxiety disorder with personality disorders in general (12.6%)  and anxiety disorder with cluster C of per-sonality disorders in particular (8.7%),major depressive disorder with cluster B of personality dis- orders (4.3%), and finally obsessive-compulsive disorder with cluster C of personality disorders (3.9%). Result: The level of comorbidity detected in this project is less than other studies.}, Keywords = {Key words: comorbidity, psychiatric disorders, outpatients }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-21}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Alaghband-rad, J. and HajiAzim, M. and Hakimshooshtary, M. and Shahrivar, Z.}, title = {Comorbidity of Tourette’s and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders in Children}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to evaluate the rate of comorbidity of Tourette's disorder with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: All of the patients diagnosed with Tourette's disorder, a total of 20 cases that had been referred to Child Psychiatric Ward of Roozbeh Hospital since its inception were evaluated. They were compared with 20 patients afflicted with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 20 OCD patients. Data was collected via Yale Tic Severity Scale and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods, Fisher’s LSD, and c2 statistical test. Findings: The mean age of onset of Tourette’s disorder was 8.5 years (SD: 0.65) whereas the onset of OCD was 14.5 years (SD: 0.7). The ratio of  male to female in Tourette’s disorder was four to one and in OCD, it was two to one. The level of correlation between these two disorders was statis- tically significant. There was not a significant level of correlation obtained for the presence of co-morbidity of Tourette’s and OCD disorders in the immediate family members of the patients.Results: The level of comorbidity of OCD in children afflicted with Tourette’s disorder is remarkable. }, Keywords = {Key words:Tourette’s disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidity, child and adolescent}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {22-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {RahimiMovaghar, A. and Nejatisafa, A. A. and Mohammadi, M. R. and SahimiIzadian, E.}, title = {A Bibliometric Study of Scientific Mental Health Journals of Iran}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to appraise the scientific mental health journals publish-ed in Iran and also to present a general profile of their characteristics. Method: The journals evaluated in the study were published from 1990  to 2003. The scientific journals in the domain of mental health published in Iran and circulated until the implementation of this study were identified by library references, data banks, internet sites, and the editorial offices of the publications. The variables in the study were divided into three main groups: publication cha- racteristics of the journals, distinctiveness of journals’ license holders and personnel, and finally specificities of journals’ contents. Findings: 23 out of 800 evaluated journals met the inclusionary criteria for this project. Less than 1/3 of the journals possess the official academic ranking of Publication Commission granted by Mi- nistry of Science, Research, and Technology or Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Edu-cation. None of these periodicals are indexed in any of the credible information banks. Nine journals did not have International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) and five journals had no English abstracts. Eleven journals were published by universities five were published by governmental organiza-tions and seven were funded by private organizations or scientific societies. During the study period, 1008 research articles were published in the journals. The average number of articles binded in each issue was 2.70(±1.2).The average number of articles in journals with official academic rank- ing certificate was higher than the journals without the certificate. Results: There seems to be a relatively adequate number and variety of scientific mental health journals in the country,but too few articles are printed in them. For further progress in the upcom- ing years, the followings are suggested: quality improvement of the journals, more publication of indigenous research articles, publication of domestic periodicals in English, and indexing them on cre- dible international information banks.}, Keywords = {Key words: bibliometric study, mental health, journals}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Maroufi, A. and Goraishizadeh, S. M.}, title = {Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder and Schizophrenia}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: This project evaluated the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in two disorders of schizophrenia and bipolar I. Method: Using a cross sectional plan, 150 patients were selected from the psychiatric clinic of Tabriz Educational and Treatment  Center through available sampling. They were diagnosed with either bipolar or schizophrenia on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. The diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder was assessed via unstructured interview and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.Findings: 17 out of the 75 bipolar I patients (23%) and 27 out of the patients with schizophrenia (36%) had been afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder sometime during their life long.Results: The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is observed at a considerable rate in pa- tients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. }, Keywords = {Key words: obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar I disorder, schizophrenia, comorbidity}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-43}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-105-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-105-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Yadollahi, Z. and Bolhari, J.}, title = {The Perspectives of Tehran Psychiatrists on Iranian Mental Health Laws}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to appraise the perspectives of Tehran psychiatrists on exist- ing mental health laws. Method: A questionnaire was provided either via mail or in person to 312 psychiatrists working in Tehran 160 of them responded. Data were analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods.Findings: Data obtained from the age groups of under and over 40 years old as well as male and female groups were studied. 20% of psychiatrists are not aware of the existing laws over 75% of them have encountered legal difficulties during their profession more than 70% of them acknow-ledged that the existing laws are insufficient. The research showed that female psychiatrists have faced legal difficulties 12% more than their male counterparts in their profession. 78% of all psy-chiatrists believed that there are not any standards for the protection of mentally ill patients and near 69% alleged that the judicial system has not secured any laws in support of the psychiatrists. 62% of respondents claimed that existing laws regarding hospitalization and discharge of mentally ill patients are inadequate. Results: The laws related to national mental health are deficient in the perspectives of psychi-atrists.}, Keywords = {Key words:mental health law, mentally ill patients, psychiatrists, mental health, forensic psychiatry}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {44-49}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-106-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-106-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Panaghi, L. and Kafashi, A. and Seraji, M.}, title = {Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Primary School Students in Tehran}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the frequency of sleep disorders  in primary school students in the city of Tehran. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, parents of 692 primary school children completed a questionnaire binding child demographics,family structure, and sleep behaviors. Data were ana- lyzed by descriptive statistical methods, t-test, and c2 test. Findings: Sleep disorders were reported in 41.6% of primary school children. The most common disorder reportedly was bedtime resistance (20.7%). The occurrence of bedwetting was the only sleep disorder that was more frequent in boys than girls. Sleep disorder  was reported more frequent- ly in children of housewife mothers than working mothers. The frequency of parasomnia was less in children of college-educated fathers. College education of mothers was negatively correlated with frequency of sleep terror disorder and nightmares.Sharing a bed,fear and worry before asleep, and having no specific bedtime were correlated with more sleep disorders.Results: Sleep disorders are prevalent in primary school children in Tehran. The most common dis- order was bedtime resistance, which was mostly related with having no specific bedtime. }, Keywords = {Key words: sleep disorder, insomnia, parasomnia, students, primary schools, children }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {50-58}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-107-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-107-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Gavari, F. and MohammadAlizadeh, S. and Ramezani, T. and Riani, M. and Bahrampour, M. R.}, title = {Attitude of Kerman Universities Male Students toward Cigarettes}, abstract ={ Abstract Objectives: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the attitude of Kerman universities male students toward cigarettes and its relation to their demographic, social, and family variables were evaluated. Method: 558 male students of Kerman universities were selected through random-cluster samp-ling and 460 of them who responded completely to the questionnaires were evaluated. Data were collected via an researcher-constructed questionnaire and then analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. Findings: The assessed attitude scores ranged between 29 and 117. The mean scores per attitude statement fluctuated between 0.7 and 1.5. Amongst the 29 attitude statements, the highest mean score (3.43) was related to the statement “Easy access to cigarettes is a reason for smoking”. After that, the following statements placed second and third respectively: “Non-smokers too experience much of harmful consequences of cigarette smoking” (3.41) and  "Rather than prohibiting  cigarettes, it is better to reduce its harmful effects” (2.65). This appraisal yielded a significant difference bet-ween the respondents in the variables: level of education, purchasing cigarettes for parents, and believing in harmfulness of cigarettes to health. There was not a significant difference observed in the variables: father’s occupation, father’s level of education, mother’s level of education, and mother’s smoking. The variables “friend’s smoking” and “friends encouraging to smoke” too indi- cated significant statistical difference. There was not a significant difference found regarding the place of education (university), age, mother’s occupation, father’s smoking, siblings’ smoking, the number of smoking professors, age and place of smoking the first cigarette, and reasons for smoking. Results: Some of the students’ demographic specifics are related to their attitude toward cigarette smoking.}, Keywords = {Key words: attitude, cigarette, students, demographic specifics, substance abuse, Kerman}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {59-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-108-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Besharat, M. A. and AghamohammadbeigiEmami, M. and KormiNouri, R.}, title = {Effect of Preparatory Information on General Surgical Operation}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of preparatory information on anxi-ety and physical recovery of patients undergoing hernia, hemorrhoid, and cholecystectomy surgical operations. Method: 180 patients in the study, scheduled for surgery were randomly allocated to experimental (n=86) and control (n=94) groups. All patients completed Spielberger State-Trait  Anxiety Ques-tionnaire in two sessions, once the day before and then again one hour before the operation.Infor- mation through education in written and oral forms was provided regarding  surgical operation and usual nursing practices only for the experimental group. Data were analyzed by statistical t-test and analysis of variance. Findings:  This evaluation indicated that provision of information for the experimental group re-duced patients’ level of state anxiety, improved the rate of recovery process, and decreased the amount of pain and use of sedatives. Giving information reduced not only the patients’ anxiety, but also lowered physiological indications such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Results: Information reduces anxiety, enhances predictability, and along with increase in patients' “responsibility”, it accelerated the rate of physical recovery. }, Keywords = {Key words: preparatory information, education, preparation, anxiety, general surgery}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {68-77}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Salehi, M. and Salarifar, M. H. and Hadian, M.}, title = {Mental Health of Mothers with Children Afflicted with Psychiatric Disorders Comparison with Control Group}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: In this project, the mental health status of mothers with children afflicted with psy-chiatric disorders was compared with that of the mothers of children without psychological comp- laints. Method: 57 mothers of children afflicted with psychiatric disorders and 56 mothers of children without psychological  complaints were selected as the subjects of the study via available sampling. The subjects from  the two groups were matched in terms of some demographic variables. To collect data the 28-question version of General Health Questionnaire was  used. Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: The mean scores of mothers of children with psychiatric disorders were higher than those of the mothers of children with no psychological complaints in the subscales of somatic synd- rome, anxiety syndrome, social functioning, and depressive syndrome the difference was more con- siderable in anxiety syndrome. Results: The mothers of children afflicted with psychiatric disorders experience more depression and anxiety, lower social functioning and physical health than mothers of children with no psy-chological complaints.  }, Keywords = {Key words: mental health, mothers, psychiatric disorder, children, GHQ-28 }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {78-84}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Mirzakhani, N. and Ashayeri, H. and Zeraati, H. and Behnia, F.}, title = {The Effect of Fine Movements Training of Hands on Drawing and Writing Skills of Slow Learner Students}, abstract ={ AbstractObjective: In this project, the effect of fine-movements training of hands was evaluated in child-ren’s academic advancement and improvement of drawing and writing skills. Method: This was an experimental research project. The effectiveness of this interventional method was evaluated on 36 slow learner students randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The subjects in the two groups were matched in terms of sex, age, level of family education, in-telligence, and body size variables. The subjects were selected from 6-8 year old students of two slow learners -special education- schools in Tehran. They were appraised by diagnostic evaluation, intelligence test, school readiness, and via functional assessment and demographical question-naires.During a three-month period, the experimental group received some training on fine-move- ments skills of hands on one and one basis, three times a week. The control group was evaluated only in pre-and posttests and received no interventions. The posttests were conducted in both groups three months after the completion of the educational sessions. The data collected in pre-and post-tests were analyzed by two–factor ANOVA with repeated measures of c2, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney test. Findings: As a result of fine movements training of hands, a significant difference was observed between the pre-and posttests segments of the experiment on drawing and writing skills of the sub- jects. Results: Fine-movements training of hands enhances drawing and writing skills of students in slow learner schools.}, Keywords = {Key words: training, fine movements of hands, slow learner child, writing skills, drawing skills}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-92}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Farhoudian, A. and Shariat, S. V. and Taj, M. and Shasavand, E.}, title = {Olfactory Identification Ability in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was a two fold one was to compare the olfactory identifica-tion ability in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypy with that of the patients with mood dis-orders as well as the normal subjects the other was to assess any possible changes after treatment in olfactory identification ability in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The subjects of the study comprised 22 patients afflicted with schizophrenia and five with schizotypy (mean age of 41 years old),28 patients with mood disorders (13 with major depressive and 14 with bipolar disorders with the mean age of 39 years old), and finally 27 normal subjects (mean age of 39 years old). All subjects were assessed initially and the patients  with schizophre-nia were assessed twice more three and six weeks after the commencement of treatment with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The data were analyzed by Kruskal- Wallis, Chi- square, Mann-Whitney, and Freedman tests. Findings: A significant difference was found between patients with schizophrenia and schitypy with normal subjects in olfactory identification ability. There was not any significant difference bet- ween other groups on this matter. No significant changes in olfactory identification ability were detected in schizophrenic patients after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Results: Deficit in olfactory identification ability of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and its persistence despite treatment is testimonial to its trait-like characteristic in such disorders. }, Keywords = {Key words: olfactory, schizophrenia, schizotypy, major depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis, smell test}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {93-99}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-112-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-112-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Tabatabaian, M.}, title = {Test Construction for Assessment of Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Creativity}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The main purpose of this project was to construct a test that would in effect show the positive and negative attitudes of teachers toward creativity. Method: Construction of the test was implemented based on the equal-appearing interval method of Thurstone and Chave. First, 150 sentences were collected from various sources binding different attitudes concerning creativity. The number of sentences was reduced to 90 via a preliminary test. Next, 111 judges sorted the sentences on  a seven-point scale ranging from unfavorable to neutral and favorable.Then the scale values as well as the ambiguity values of sentences based on sorting of the judges were computed. Findings: 30 sentences with the least amount of ambiguity values and serving the purpose of the study were selected so as to produce a spread along the scale continuum. Scale values and ambigui- ty values are presented for the 30 selected sentences. Results: Usage of similar tests for the assessment of attitudes toward creativity can increase this test’s functionality. }, Keywords = {Key words: attitudes, creativity, Thurstone, equal- appearing interval method}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {100-109}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-113-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-113-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {DavasazIrani, R.}, title = {Integration of Mental Health Program in Andimeshk Primary Health Care Network}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Key words: integration, mental health, prevalence, mental disorder, epilepsy, mental retarda- tion, health center, Andimeshk}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {110-115}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Nasehi, A. and Raeesi, F. and Jafari, M. and Rahmani, M.}, title = {The Level of Marital Adjustment in Dormitory Students}, abstract ={ AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the level of marital adjustment and the re-lation between marital adjustment and some demographic variables in a group of students residing at the dormitories of Tehran University of medical sciences. Method: This is a descriptive-cross sectional study.The instrument to collect data was the marital adjustment questionnaire. The subjects for this study were 148 residents of married students dor-mitory of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (74 males, 74 females). Data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher’s LSD. Findings: This project indicated 75.8% marital  adjustment and 24.2% incompatibility. Among evaluated variables, there were significant correlations between the variable marital adjustment and both age difference between the couples as well as duration of marriage in years. Results: Marital adjustment is reduced with the raise in age difference between the couples and dura- tion of marriage.  }, Keywords = {Key words: Marital adjustment, MAT Questionnaire, University students}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {116-121}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Attar, H. and AfkhamEbrahimi, A. and NasrEsfahani, M.}, title = {Alcohol Use in Hospitalized Patients at Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Key words: alcohol use, general hospital, screening for alcohol use, alcoholism }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {122-129}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Moghaddas, A. and Naseri, M.}, title = {Lycanthropy in Depression: Case Report}, abstract ={  Abstract Lycanthropy is a delusional belief by the patient considering himself or others transformed into wolf or other animals. The phenomenon of lycanthropy has been recognized since two thousand years ago and referred by various sources.The subject of this report was a young single male afflicted with stuttering from the age of 12. He has had some symptoms of depression since adolescence and recently developed lycanthropy syndrome. The subject diagnosed with depression along with lycanthropy syndrome (psychotic depression) received treatment with antipsychotic and antidep-ressant medications as well as individual psychotherapy. In a two-year evaluation, the pheno-menon of lycanthropy appeared remarkably less evident and the symptoms of depression were partially improved.}, Keywords = {Key words: lycanthropy, psychotic depression, major depression, stuttering }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {130-134}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {ChamanazadShahri, S. and MalakoUti, K. and Hassanzadeh, M.}, title = {Suicidal Ideations and the Level of Blood Cholesterol}, abstract ={ Abstract Objectives: This project compared the level of blood cholesterol in hospitalized psychiatric pa-tients with suicidal ideations with that of similar patients with no suicidal thoughts.  Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional study,  the level of blood cholesterol of 374 patients (247 males, 127 females) admitted at Iran Psychiatric Education-Treatment Center was evaluated. The patients were divided in two groups of patients with and without suicidal ideations the level of their respective blood cholesterol was compared with one another. These subjects had been hos- pitalized with the diagnosis of schizophrenia (157 patients), bipolar (192 patients), major depress-ion (68 patients), and other psychiatric disorders. To analyze the data, t-statistical test was used. Findings: There was no significant difference between suicidal with non-suicidal patients’ level of basal cholesterol. Results: Level of blood cholesterol probably is not a biological marker, or a risk factor for suicide in hospitalized psychiatric patients. }, Keywords = {Key words: depression, suicidal thoughts, cholesterol }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-139}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2004} }