eng Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 240 255 article Negar Beheshti 1 Mehdi Zemestani m.zemestani@uok.ac.ir 2 Farzin Rezaei 3 MSC., Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. PhD in Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.; Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.; PhD in Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Objectives Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent distressing condition for individuals in both community and healthcare staff. In this regard, lack of effective psychological and medical treatments can impose a high cost on the family and society. Methods A total of 22 female patients with GAD after primary clinical evaluation and qualifying conditions were selected and divided into two therapeutic groups; first group CBT-IU (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy focused on Intolerance of Uncertainty) (N=12) were selected through convenient sampling method, and second group pharmacotherapy (N=12) were selected through purposeful sampling method. The first group (CBT-IU) received 12 individual weekly treatment sessions and the second group under the supervision of a psychiatrist was treated with anti-anxiety medicines (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). All subjects completed the pretest and post-test questionnaires of Pennsylvania worry questionnaire, intolerance of uncertainty scale, and cognitive avoidance questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on intolerance of uncertainty, was more effective than pharmacotherapy on worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and cognitive avoidance.  Conclusion Since CBT-IU focuses on cognitive components (worry, intolerance of ambiguity and cognitive avoidance) and selected tools also measures most of the components associated with the intervention performed for this group,  the more effectiveness of this treatment on the studied variables is justified compared to pharmacotherapy. Due to the effect of CBT-IU on cognitive components of patients with GAD, these results have practical implications for clinicians involved in medical centers.  http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2784-en.pdf Generalized Anxiety Disorder Cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on intolerance of uncertainty Pharmacotherapy Intolerance of uncertainty Cognitive avoidance per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 256 269 article Sanaz Aghakhani 1 Farshad Bahari fbahari200277@yahoo.com 2 MA, Department of Psychology, Khomein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomein, Iran. Department of Psychology, Khomein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomein, Iran.; Head of Department of Student Health Education and Monitoring, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) on the hope and quality of life in children with cancer.  Methods The study design is quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, follow-up and control group. Study population consisted of children (male and female) with cancer at AminrKabir Hospital and Tabassom Cancer Support Community in 2016 who applied for NLP training and were under treatment. Of these, 40 were selected by random sampling, and assigned to NLP and control groups. The data collection tools were Children's Hope Scale (CHS) and Generic Children’s Quality of Life (GCQ) questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and dependent t test in SPSS V. 22.  Results Results showed that NLP training had significant effect on the hope and quality of life, and could predict 40% and 70% of variance for hope and quality of life in children with cancer, respectively.  Conclusion According to the findings of this study, NLP training increased the quality of life and hope in children with cancer. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2803-en.pdf Neuro-Linguistic programming Hope Quality of Life Cancer Children per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 270 283 article Ali Nikbakht Email: nikbakht472@gmail.com 1 Hamid Taher Neshat-Doost h.neshat@edu.ui.ac.ir 2 Hosseinali Mehrabi 3 Department of Psychology and Consoling, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan Objectives A recent method that modifies the intrusive memories is cognitive bias modification. This study aimed to investigate and compare the three none-attendance therapies of standardized cognitive bias modification, cognitive bias modification based self-generation and cognitive-behavior training. Methods According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 51 participants were selected via purposive sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to either of three groups: standardized cognitive bias modification, self-generation, and cognitive-behavioral training groups. Questionnaires and scales related to mood, interpretation bias, memory bias, positive and negative emotions, and inappropriate attitudes were used as the research instruments. Results Results indicate that all three treatment methods are effective (P<0.01). But, the three groups had no significant differences in mood-related variables (depression signs, mood, positive and negative affect). Regarding the cognitive variables (interpretation bias, positive and negative memory bias, dysfunctional attitudes), interventions were effective, and the groups exhibited significant differences (P<0.01). Conclusion Standardized cognitive bias modification and self-generation through new 4-week procedures serve as effective methods for attenuating depression while improving the states of interpretation bias, inappropriate attitude, and memory. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2778-en.pdf Cognitive bias modification Positive imagery Self-generation Cognitive-behavior training Depression per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 284 297 article Leila Kehtary kehtaryleila@gmail.com 1 Rasool Heshmati 2 Hamid Pour Sharifi 3 MA, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. PhD. in Health Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. PhD. in Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Objectives The current study aims to investigate the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship among experiential avoidance and emotional repression with depression. Methods For the purpose of this study, 150 students from university of Tabriz were selected through convenience sampling method. Next, they were investigated in terms of self-compassion, emotional repression and depression. Beck depression inventory-II, self-compassion scale, emotion repression inventory, and experiential avoidance questionnaire were used as assessment tools. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis. Results Based on the results, self-compassion has significant and negative correlation with depression (β=-0.75). Also emotional repression and experiential avoidance have positive and significant effect on self-compassion. Experiential avoidance and emotional repression have indirect effect on depression by self-compassion.  Conclusion Emotional repression; experiential avoidance and self-compassion are significant predictors of depression and default model has acceptable fitness in depression explanation.  http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2910-en.pdf Depression Self-compassion Experiential avoidance Emotional repression per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 298 309 article Narjes Salimi Dehaghani 1 Zahra Yousefi 2 MA in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran. PhD in Clinical Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran. Objectives Nightmare is one of the sleep problems among adolescents. This research aimed to examine multiple relations among thought control strategies and symptoms of personality disorders among female students in Shahreza City, Iran in 2015-2016.  Methods In this correlational study, the statistical population comprised all female students in pre-university schools and the sample was 300 girls that they were randomly selected from students list. The measurements were thought control strategies, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and Nightmare Scale (2014). The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression in SPSS V. 21.  Results The results showed among thought control strategies, worry and among personality disorders, dependent and histrionic personality disorders have positive and significant relations with symptoms of nightmare but antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders have negative and significant relations with nightmare. Worry, histrionic, dependent and narcissistic personality disorders can predict nightmare.  Conclusion Based on the results, changes in worries, dependent, histrionic and narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders can predict nightmares. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2911-en.pdf Thought control strategies Personality disorder Nightmare per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 310 323 article Mohammad Arghabaei arghabaeifamily@yahoo.com 1 Ali Akbar Soleimanian solimanian@gmail.com 2 Mohammad Mohammadipour mmohamadipor@yahoo.com 3 Consultation Group, Faculty of Humanities, Bojnourd Unit, Islamic Azad University Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Bojnourd University Department of Counseling and Psychology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan Objectives Tendency toward substance use is influenced by a range of individual, familial, and social factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family emotional atmosphere, sense of coherence, and affects with tendency toward substance use among university students.  Methods In this descriptive-correlative study, a total of 400 students (311 males and 89 females) were selected using multistage cluster sampling method from Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training University, Mashhad, Iran. Then they completed measures of parental-child interaction rating scale, sense of coherence scale, positive and negative affect scale, and tendency toward addiction scale. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and backward multiple regression.  Results There were significant and negative relationships between subscales of family emotional atmosphere, sense of coherence, and positive affects with tendency toward substance use among students (P˂0.01). Moreover, negative affects were positively correlated with tendency toward substance use (r=0.48; P<0.01). Regression analysis also indicated that a positive family emotional atmosphere and sense of coherence were significant negative predictors of tendency toward substance use whereas negative affects were significant positive predictors. However, the role of positive affects in the prediction of tendency toward substance use was not significant.  Conclusion Addressing family problems, developing the sense of individual coherence, and instructing strategies to regulate negative emotions in prevention and intervention programs may help reduce tendency toward substance use among university students. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2818-en.pdf Family atmosphere Sense of coherence Affects Substance use University students eng Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 324 339 article Saeed Akbari-Zardkhaneh akbari76ir@yahoo.com 1 Seyed Mohammad Shahvarani 2 Nader Mansurkiaie 3 Alimohammad Zanganeh 4 Mohsen Jallalat-Danesh 5 Siyamak Tahmasebi 6 Masoud Zareian 7 PhD in Assessment and Measurement, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. PhD Student, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. PhD in Communication Sciences, Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. PhD in Management, Physician, Social and Crime Prevention Directorate Judiciary, Tehran, Iran. MSc., Social and Crime Prevention Directorate Judiciary, Tehran, Iran. PhD in Clinical Psychology, Department of Preschool Education, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Welfare, Tehran, Iran. MSc. Student, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objectives To the importance of screening students’ mental health and lack of a customized tool based on prevalent psychopathological problems in students, the present study aims to develop and examine the psychometric properties of electronic mental health assessment device for high school students-parent form and teacher form.  Methods The study sample included 1697 teachers and 1186 parents of high school students of Alborz, Kermanshah, Eastern Azerbaijan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, and Khorasan Razavi. Parent form and teacher form consisted of 118 and 133 items, respectively. Results Items analysis based on 8 criteria showed that all items of teacher form and parent form had proper qualification. Explanatory factor analysis showed that the most proper structure for teacher form and parent form are 6-factor structure and 5-factor structure, respectively. Internal consistency was sufficiently good and alpha coefficients were ranged between 0.77 and 0.97 for teacher form and between 0.85 and 0.92 for parent form.  Conclusion In general, psychometric properties of both scales indicate their suitability for screening and research. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2819-en.pdf Electronic device Factor analysis Student’s mental health Teacher form Parent form per Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 1735-4315 2228-7515 2018-11 24 3 340 355 article Mohammad Mehrad Sadr 1 Seyed Sepehr Hashemian 2 Hanieh Khoshsima 3 Saharnaz Akhbari akhbari.saharnaz@gmail.com 4 PhD Student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. PhD Student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. MA in Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. MA in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and reliability of the Social Paradigm Belief Inventory (SPBI).  Methods A total of 381 students of Hakim Sabzevari University were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method and responded to SPBI in 2016. This research is descriptive with a validation method. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate factor structure of the instrument, and Cronbach α and test-retest method were employed for examining the reliability.  Results Results of principal component with varimax rotation showed that 4-actorial and 6-factorial solutions explained 30% and 38% of whole variance, respectively. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 6-factorial solution was a better indication of the data than 4-factorial solutions and it better fits the data in Iran society. The Cronbach α value of the instrument was 0.7 and as for the subscales of the instrument, it varied from 0.54 to 0.71 and the correlation coefficient of test-retest was 0.72 that showed acceptable reliability for the instrument.  Conclusion Enjoying an acceptable reliability and fitting well with the data in Iran society make the 6-factor SPBI a suitable measure for determining adults’ cognitive development for screening or clinical purposes. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2912-en.pdf Adult Cognition Factor analysis Surveys and questionnaire Students