Showing 26 results for Disorder
K. Sadri, E. Shirazi, Sh. Nohesara,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2006)
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction: To determine the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)�in the psychiatric history of parents of ADHD children.
Method: With the aid of convenience sampling, parents of 150 children (31 girls and 119 boys)�with ADHD who were referred to the children and adolescent psychiatric clinics of Iran Univer-�sity of Medical Sciences in the years 2002 and 2003 were assessed. Diagnosis for children was made by clinical judgment and DSM-IV criteria checklist. The history of this disorder in the parents was assessed by DSM-IV criteria checklist and clinical psychiatric interviews. Data were ana-lyzed using descriptive analytical methods.
Results: A positive childhood history of ADHD symptoms was found in 76% of the parents. In 20% of cases both parents, and in 56% one parent had a positive history. The prevalence of fa- thers with a positive history (56%) was higher than mothers (40%).
Conclusion: Hereditary factors may be involved in the etiology of ADHD.
Hassan Hamidpour, Behrooz Dolatshai , Abbas Pour Shahbaz , Asghar Dadkhah ,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (2-2011)
Abstract
Objectives: The present study was carried out in order to examine the efficacy of schema therapy in the treatment of women with Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD). Method: Three women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were selected using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) based on disorders axis I. Subjects were selected using purposeful sampling, and underwent the treatment process subsequent to obtaining treatment requirements. Multiple baseline experimental single case study was used as the method of the present study. The treatment program was carried out for 20 weekly sessions, with a follow-up period of 3 months subsequent to treatment termination. Subjects completed Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Worry Domain Questionnaire (WDQ) and Young schema Questionnaire (YSO). Results: Results showed that schema therapy is significantly efficient on treatment's target. Conclusion: Schema therapy has appropriate efficacy in the treatment of women suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Abbas Bakhshipour Roodsari, Leila Shateri, Samineh Fattahi, Mohsen Soodmand, Elahe Saderi , Ahmad Mansori,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract
Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) in a student sample. Method: 727 university students (442 males, 285 females) with a mean age of 23, who were selected using stepwise stratified method, and 15 patients with schizophrenia who were selected using convenience sampling, completed SPQ. The SPQ is a 74 items self-report questionnaire, which assesses nine DSM-III-R criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 and using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, independent t-test, multivariate analysis of variance, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: Cronbach’s alpha for the total questionnaire and its subscales were 0.90 and 0.59-0.82 respectively. SPQ accurately differentiated patients with schizophrenia from normal population. The exploratory factor analysis for SPQ confirmed the accuracy of three-factor structure introduced by Raine (cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized). Conclusion: SPQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing symptoms, dimensions, and factors of Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
Elham Shirazi, Amir Shabani, Zahra Shahrivar ,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (8-2014)
Abstract
Objectives : In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), children with severe nonepisodic irritability are diagnosed as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and this diagnosis is included in the mood disorder section. The current study aimed to know whether the DMDD is a subgroup of bipolar disorder (BD) or an independent disorder. Method: For gathering valid English and Persian data, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, and DSM databases for English and SID for Persian resources were searched and reviewed until Summer of 2013. Results: Up until now research comparing severe and permanent (nonepisodic) irritabilities (equivalent to DMDD) with BD indicate that BD and DMDD are similar in severity and functional impairment, and different in gender distribution, familial clustering, course and prognosis, comorbidities and neuropsychophysiologic functions. In following years, children with DMDD are more likely to suffer from unipolar depressive and anxiety disorders, but BD has not been seen among them. Conclusion: The DMDD seems not to be a subgroup of BD and rather it should be included as an independent diagnosis in the mood disorder section. The DSM editors need to be flexible enough to make necessary revisions encountering further new findings.
Mohammad Bagher Saberizafarghandi, Haniah Alsadat Bagheri Yazdi ,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (8-2014)
Abstract
History of Psychiatry and Psychology
Javad Alagband Rad, Valentin Artounian, Zahra Shahrivar, Abolfazl Mohamadi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2015)
Abstract
Alireza Mohseni Ezhiyeh , Ahmad Abedi, Nasrin Behnamnejad,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (8-2015)
Abstract
Objectives: The present study has been performed with the aim of designing and evaluating the psychometric properties of Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS). Method: This study is an instrumental and validity evaluation. The statistical community of the research consisted of all children with autism spectrum who live in Isfahan. Among them, 100 patients were selected by method of convenient sampling, and also their mothers or trainers were asked for responding the scales of study. The tools of data gathering included demographic information and a researcher-made scale named Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS) according to reversion of DSM-5. Also, Giliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used for evaluating the concurrent validity. Results: The results of the psychometrics of the scale indicated appropriate content, convergent and diagnostic validity, and internal consistency as well as the scale stability over the time. The correlation coefficient between sub-scales showed very high correlation between the sub-scales. The results obtained from the confirmatory factorial analysis indicated that the DSM-5 model is appropriate for scale. In addition, the general reliability of the scale by using of Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. Conclusion: the results demonstrated that Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS) is a suitable tool for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders based on DSM-5 in children and adolescents.
Reza Abdi, Gholamreza Chalabianloo, Afsaneh Joorbonyan,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (11-2016)
Abstract
Objectives Alexithymia, as a personality trait, causes malfunctioning in individuals in three areas of recognizing emotions, describing emotions, and defective objective thinking. The present study aims to investigate the role of these three abnormal personality dimensions introduced in the 5th volume of the Diagnostic and Statistical Guide for Mental Disorders in the prediction of aspects of alexithymia. Based on previous works, we have hypothesized that there is a correlation between abnormal personality dimension and alexithymia dimensions.
Methods In order to test the proposed hypothesis, a sample of high-school students of Ramsar County (N=250) were evaluated using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 and by the method of enter regressions.
Results The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the inability to identify emotion and negative affect (r=0.28), disinhibition (r=0.20) and psychoticism (r=0.16). It was also revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between the description of emotion and negative affect (r=0.19), detachment (r=0.14), disinhibition (r=0.16) and psychoticism (r=0.27) and between objective thinking and all abnormal personality dimensions (P<0.01). Moreover, these personality dimensions can serve as a useful factor for predicting alexithymia.
Conclusion According to the obtained correlations between alexithymia and abnormal personality dimension, it is necessary that the comorbidity of these two variables be considered in the treatment of personality and emotional disorder.
Fateme Moin Al-Ghorabaiee, Samira Karamloo, Azam Noferesti,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (8-2017)
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive factors between individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), dysthymic disorder (Dys), and non-clinical disorders (Normals).
Methods Metacognitive Questionnaire - short form (MCQ-30), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), and Anxious Thought Inventory (ATI) were administered to a sample of 120 individuals (OCD-30; GAD-30; Dys-30 and Normals-30).
Results Results of MANOVA and post-hoc comparison revealed significant differences in metacognitive factors between all groups except attention distraction and cognitive confidence. Post-hoc comparisons also showed that OCD patients have significantly higher scores in punishment and reappraisal subscales than GAD and non-clinical groups. Likewise, GAD patients have significantly higher scores in social and health worry than OCD patients and in positive and negative beliefs about worry and need to control subscales than OCD and non-clinical groups. Also Dys group had significantly higher scores in health and social worry than others. In general, nonclinical sample had lower scores in all metacognitive questionnaires, RSQ, and neuroticism.
Conclusion Metacognitive beliefs and strategies could differentiate between diagnostic groups. Also findings support the Self regulatory executive function model of Wells.
Morteza Abbarin, Mehdi Zemestani, Mehdi Rabiei, Amirhooshang Bagheri,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2018)
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the effect of cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy on Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), depression, and disability of patients.
Methods In this article, we present a single subject experimental design with multiple baselines. The subjects of the study were patients with BDD in Sanandaj city. Purposive sampling was used, and after obtaining diagnostic interview and qualifications of the study, subjects underwent the treatment process. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (DBI-II), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and clinical interview were used as diagnostic tools. Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy was employed for 15 sessions of one and a half hours and for two sessions per week. For data analysis, we used a single-case analysis using graphs and comparison of mean and median positions.
Results The results showed that participants’ scores in BDD, depression, and disability decreased noticeably. Treatment outcomes were continued up to four months of follow-up period as well.
Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy is effective in improving BDD, depression, and disability of these patients.
Majid Mahmood Alilou, Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari, Mohammad Nasiri,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (2-2018)
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural relationships between behavioral brain systems, disgust sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder using structural equation modeling. It is assumed that the behavioral brain systems and disgust sensitivity in interaction with each other will lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Despite the prominence of this model, not enough research has been done to assess its experimental.
Methods In a descriptive-correlation study, a sample of 340 students from Tabriz University was selected using cluster sampling method. Participants responded to Inventory system activation / inhibition of behavior (Carver and White, 1994), The Disgust Sensitivity Scale, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.96, NFI=0.94, and RMSEA=0.076). BIS and BAS with standardized coefficients of 0.264 and -0.241, respectively, have a significant effect on obsessive-compulsive disorder by the mediation of disgust sensitivity at the P˂0.05 level.
Conclusion The result, supporting the theoretical model for obsessive-compulsive disorder, proposes a suitable framework for the etiology of the disorder. Accordingly, high sensitivity of BIS and low sensitivity of BAS by the mediation of disgust sensitivity due to an increase in the symptoms of OCD.
Amin Sohrabzadeh Fard, Mitra Hakim Shooshtari, Sahar Alibaba,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (8-2018)
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to compare personality traits and psychopathology in three groups of mothers of children with Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and healthy group.
Methods This research was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. Participants were comprised of 93 mothers (35 in anxiety group, 27 in obsessive group, and 31 in healthy group) which were selected by available sampling. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-60) were administrated to measure the study variables.
Results Results indicated that there is a significant difference (P<0.001) in the psychopathology of mothers under anxiety, obsession and healthy groups; however, this significant difference was not found between mothers in anxiety and obsession groups. Results also indicated a significant difference in mean scores of mothers in healthy group and mothers in anxiety and obsession groups especially neuroticism and openness to experience traits. Analysis of variance post hoc test showed that extraversion and openness to experience traits were significantly different in mothers of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder as compared to mothers of children with anxiety disorders and healthy group.
Conclusion With reference to, psychopathology and neuroticism trait, findings showed that significant difference between mothers in anxiety and obsession group and mothers in healthy group. Thus, results of this study marked that considering parent’s psychopathology in prevention and treatment of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders in children may be of great importance.
Negar Beheshti, Mehdi Zemestani, Farzin Rezaei,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (11-2018)
Abstract
Objectives Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent distressing condition for individuals in both community and healthcare staff. In this regard, lack of effective psychological and medical treatments can impose a high cost on the family and society.
Methods A total of 22 female patients with GAD after primary clinical evaluation and qualifying conditions were selected and divided into two therapeutic groups; first group CBT-IU (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy focused on Intolerance of Uncertainty) (N=12) were selected through convenient sampling method, and second group pharmacotherapy (N=12) were selected through purposeful sampling method. The first group (CBT-IU) received 12 individual weekly treatment sessions and the second group under the supervision of a psychiatrist was treated with anti-anxiety medicines (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). All subjects completed the pretest and post-test questionnaires of Pennsylvania worry questionnaire, intolerance of uncertainty scale, and cognitive avoidance questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results Results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on intolerance of uncertainty, was more effective than pharmacotherapy on worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and cognitive avoidance.
Conclusion Since CBT-IU focuses on cognitive components (worry, intolerance of ambiguity and cognitive avoidance) and selected tools also measures most of the components associated with the intervention performed for this group, the more effectiveness of this treatment on the studied variables is justified compared to pharmacotherapy. Due to the effect of CBT-IU on cognitive components of patients with GAD, these results have practical implications for clinicians involved in medical centers.
Leila Shameli, Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, Abdozahra Naa'mi, Iran Davodi,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (2-2019)
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion-focused therapy on emotional regulation styles and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
Methods The present study has a quasi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test and control group with follow-up. The statistical population included all women with OCD referring to clinics and counseling centers of Ahvaz City, Iran. In order to select the eligible samples, 30 women were recruited from the patients referred to the treatment centers by convenience sampling method, but some of them were excluded due to discontinuation of treatment sessions. Finally, a sample of 24 patients were evaluated in experimental group (12 subjects) and control group (12 subjects). To collect data, we used the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale and affective styles questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis in SPSS V. 22.
Results Multivariate ANOVA test results showed that there was significant difference between test and study groups in terms of concealing style (10.0≥P, 07.7=F) and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (100.0≥P, 84.02=F) after intervention. Moreover, between female patients in both group, a significant difference was found with respect to concealing style (50.0≥P, 06.2=F) and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (100.0≥P, 99.92=F) during follow-up period.
Conclusion Based on the results, emotion-focused therapy is an effective treatment to reduce the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD.
Leila Kehtari Harzangh, Hamid Poursharifi, Rasoul Heshmati,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Objectives This research aimed to compare impulsivity and experiential avoidance in obese individuals with and without Binge Eating Disorder (BED).
Methods We obtained data from 60 severely obese women referring to health centers and gyms. They were selected by convenience sampling method. The participants completed Gormally Binge Eating Scale (BES), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and Bond Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ). The obtained data were analyzed by the discriminant analysis method.
Results Among 5 investigated components in two groups of with and without binge eating disorder, the components of non-planning impulsivity (P<0.01), and emotional avoidance and control (P<0.05) were found significant.
Conclusion In the two groups of with and without binge eating disorder, the components of non-planning impulsivity, emotional avoidance and control were found significant. This means that significant differences exist between individuals with and without binge eating disorder.
Mitra Hakim Shooshtari, Hadi Zarafshan, Mehrdad Mohamadian, Jamileh Zareee, Issa Karimi Keisomi, Helia Hooshangi,
Volume 25, Issue 4 (1-2020)
Abstract
Objectives: Early interventions can play an important role in alleviating or eliminating many of the major symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and enhancing new skills. Parental education can reduce the parents' depression and stress and increase their empowerment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a parental education program the mental health of parents, behavioral problems of their children with ASD.
Methods: A group of 30 parents of children with ASD in Tehran, Iran were selected by a convenience sampling and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The parents in the intervention group received psychoeducational program according to Tonge et al.'s (2006) method in 10 sessions each for 90 min in Tehran Psychiatric Institute. Data collection tools were the Family Assessment Device, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Billings and Mouse's Coping Strategies Scale, and 28-item General Health Questionnaire. All participants were evaluated at three stages of pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up.
Results: The effect of parental education program on the clinical symptoms and its dimensions was significant at three measurement phases. In the 3-month follow-up duration, the results remained unchanged. There were a significant difference between the two study groups in general health, family function, coping strategies, and child behavior (F=4.859, P=0.023).
Conclusion: Parental education can improve the mental health of parents and reduce the behavioral problems of their ASD children.
Mona Moradi Motlagh, Mohammadreza Nainian, Ladan Fata, Mohammad Gholami, Gholamhosein Ghaedi,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (7-2020)
Abstract
Objectives: The law of contagion is one of the sympathetic of magic principles and is a cognitive distortion related to disgust. To explain how disgust can lead to contamination Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms, this study assumes that the emotion of disgust can activate the law of contagion, which in turn may motivate threat estimations that finally results in OCD symptoms.
Methods: This study has a correlational research design. Participants were 495 students (59% women) from Olum Tahghighat University that recruited through convenience sampling. All the participants completed all the questionnaires in the same order: Threat estimation scenarios, the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory Contamination Scale (VOCI-C), negative-spiritual contagion subscale from Contagion Sensitivity Scale (CSS), and core disgust subscale from Disgust Scale (DS). This model was examined through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results: The finding revealed that the proposed model had a good fit based on reported indices: χ2, CMIN/DF, GFI, CFI, AGFI, RMSEA.
Conclusion: There are mediational roles for the law of contagion and threat estimations in the relation between disgust and OCD symptoms. The proposed psychopathological model can help to promote the disgust theory in OCD and may have implications for cognitive behavioral therapy.
Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Javadi, Roya Marsa, Fahimeh Rahmani,
Volume 26, Issue 3 (12-2020)
Abstract
In December 2019, the Chinese government alerted the world to a dangerous virus that spread rapidly in communities. In fact, another acute respiratory syndrome occurred in Wuhan, China, and then spread rapidly to other parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to this virus as nCoV-2019, where n stands for “new” and CoV stands for “coronavirus”. In general, the virus (COVID-19) is similar to acute respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), but they are by no means identical
Farideh Hamidi, Shoaib Sobhani Tabar,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of psychodrama in reducing the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in primary school students living in earthquake-stricken areas.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test/post-test design using a control group. The study population consists of all male primary school students diagnosed with PTSD living in Salas-e Babajani County, Kermanshah, Iran. Of these, 40 were selected using a purposive sampling method and based on the PTSD criteria, and were then divided into two groups of intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). Research instruments were a diagnostic interview based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria and the PTSD Checklist for DSM5 (PCL-5) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way and multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: Psychodrama reduced the symptoms of PTSD in children with an effect size of 0.51 (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Psychodrama is an effective method for reducing the PTSD symptoms and neuropsychological problems. For the generalization of its results, further studies are recommended.
Elnaz Mohammadi, Mohammad Shadbafi,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
Objectives: Recent studies have identified a disorder called Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) which has similarities with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in attentional problems and often is mistakenly diagnosed as ADHD. Attentional problems cause executive dysfunction and often affect the hot and cold executive functions. This study aims to compare the sensitivity to reward and punishment, response inhibition and sustained attention between school boys with ADHD and SCT.
Methods: This is a casual-comparative study. Participants were 100 elementary school male students (50 with ADHD and 50 with SCT) in Tabriz, Iran in the academic year 2019-20, who were selected through a screening method and based on the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV) and the SCT questionnaires. The Balloon analogue risk task was used to measure the sensitivity to reward and punishment, while the continuous performance test was used to measure response inhibition and sustained attention. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance was performed in SPSS v.20 software.
Results: The boys with ADHD had higher scores in sensitivity to reward, while those with SCT had higher scores in sensitivity to punishment. Moreover, the boys with ADHD had deficits in response inhibition, while those with SCT had deficits in sustained attention (P<0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that school boys with SCT have deficits in hot executive functions, and those with ADHD have problems in cold executive functions.
