18 1735-4315 Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 101 Psychiatry and Psychology Sodium Valproate: An Adjuvant treatment in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Aminni H. Farhoodian A. Sadeghi M. Savari M. E. Akhundzadeh Sh. Sharifi V. 1 8 2004 10 1 4 10 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sodium valproate as an adjuvant treatment in patients afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method:42 patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder participated in an eight week- long double blind study. The subjects were placed in two groups,one taking fluoxetine along with sodium valproate and the other group taking fluoxetine with placebo.The efficacy of this adjuvant was assessed by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed by t-test, Mann-Whitney, and analysis of variance with repeated measures.Findings: 12 patients from the sodium valproate group and 11 patients from the placebo group com- pleted the project.This evaluation illustrated that efficacy of sodium valproate did not cause signi- ficant difference between two groups. Headache, anxiety,and insomnia were observed more com- monly in the placebo group the rate of tremor was higher in the sodium valproate group.Results: Sodium valproate as an adjuvant treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder does not bind added efficacy in an eight weeklong treatment period. 
102 Psychiatry and Psychology Comorbidity of Psychiatric Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Eftekhar M. Dadfar M. Karimi Kaisami E. 1 8 2004 10 1 11 21 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to appraise the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Method: This was a descriptive-retrospective study. Out of 4000 patients of Tehran Psychiatric Institute’s Clinic during the years of 1996-2000, a total of 648 cases diagnosed based on DSM-IV criteria were selected systematic randomly. The cases were further evaluated via a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods. Findings: 35.6% of patients had the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders.The diagnoses of simul- taneous disorders on axis I, according to diagnostic categories,included mood and anxiety disorders (34.6%) and mood and substance-related disorders (6.9%). The comorbidities according to disorders within each of diagnostic categories included major depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders (16.0%), major depressive and dysthymic disorders (7.8%), dysthymic and obsessive-compulsive disorders (5.6%), and finally obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia (3.9%). The diag-nosis of simultaneous disorders on axis II, according to clusters A, B, and C,  included A and C (0.4%). The particular comorbidities according to disorders within each of the clusters A, B, or C included histrionic with borderline (0.9%) and paranoid with obsessive-compulsive (0.4%). The simultaneous diagnoses on axis I and II included mood disorders with personality disorders in general (7.8%) and mood disorders with cluster B  of personality disorders in particular (14.7%), anxiety disorder with personality disorders in general (12.6%)  and anxiety disorder with cluster C of per-sonality disorders in particular (8.7%),major depressive disorder with cluster B of personality dis- orders (4.3%), and finally obsessive-compulsive disorder with cluster C of personality disorders (3.9%). Result: The level of comorbidity detected in this project is less than other studies. 103 Psychiatry and Psychology Comorbidity of Tourette’s and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders in Children Alaghband-rad J. Haji Azim M. Hakim shooshtary M. Shahrivar Z. 1 8 2004 10 1 22 27 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: This project was conducted to evaluate the rate of comorbidity of Tourette's disorder with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: All of the patients diagnosed with Tourette's disorder, a total of 20 cases that had been referred to Child Psychiatric Ward of Roozbeh Hospital since its inception were evaluated. They were compared with 20 patients afflicted with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 20 OCD patients. Data was collected via Yale Tic Severity Scale and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods, Fisher’s LSD, and c2 statistical test. Findings: The mean age of onset of Tourette’s disorder was 8.5 years (SD: 0.65) whereas the onset of OCD was 14.5 years (SD: 0.7). The ratio of  male to female in Tourette’s disorder was four to one and in OCD, it was two to one. The level of correlation between these two disorders was statis- tically significant. There was not a significant level of correlation obtained for the presence of co-morbidity of Tourette’s and OCD disorders in the immediate family members of the patients.Results: The level of comorbidity of OCD in children afflicted with Tourette’s disorder is remarkable.  104 Psychiatry and Psychology A Bibliometric Study of Scientific Mental Health Journals of Iran Rahimi Movaghar A. Nejatisafa A. A. Mohammadi M. R. Sahimi Izadian E. 1 8 2004 10 1 28 36 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to appraise the scientific mental health journals publish-ed in Iran and also to present a general profile of their characteristics. Method: The journals evaluated in the study were published from 1990  to 2003. The scientific journals in the domain of mental health published in Iran and circulated until the implementation of this study were identified by library references, data banks, internet sites, and the editorial offices of the publications. The variables in the study were divided into three main groups: publication cha- racteristics of the journals, distinctiveness of journals’ license holders and personnel, and finally specificities of journals’ contents. Findings: 23 out of 800 evaluated journals met the inclusionary criteria for this project. Less than 1/3 of the journals possess the official academic ranking of Publication Commission granted by Mi- nistry of Science, Research, and Technology or Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Edu-cation. None of these periodicals are indexed in any of the credible information banks. Nine journals did not have International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) and five journals had no English abstracts. Eleven journals were published by universities five were published by governmental organiza-tions and seven were funded by private organizations or scientific societies. During the study period, 1008 research articles were published in the journals. The average number of articles binded in each issue was 2.70(±1.2).The average number of articles in journals with official academic rank- ing certificate was higher than the journals without the certificate. Results: There seems to be a relatively adequate number and variety of scientific mental health journals in the country,but too few articles are printed in them. For further progress in the upcom- ing years, the followings are suggested: quality improvement of the journals, more publication of indigenous research articles, publication of domestic periodicals in English, and indexing them on cre- dible international information banks. 105 Psychiatry and Psychology Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder and Schizophrenia Maroufi A. Goraishizadeh S. M. 1 8 2004 10 1 37 43 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: This project evaluated the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in two disorders of schizophrenia and bipolar I. Method: Using a cross sectional plan, 150 patients were selected from the psychiatric clinic of Tabriz Educational and Treatment  Center through available sampling. They were diagnosed with either bipolar or schizophrenia on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. The diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder was assessed via unstructured interview and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.Findings: 17 out of the 75 bipolar I patients (23%) and 27 out of the patients with schizophrenia (36%) had been afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder sometime during their life long.Results: The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is observed at a considerable rate in pa- tients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.  106 Psychiatry and Psychology The Perspectives of Tehran Psychiatrists on Iranian Mental Health Laws Yadollahi Z. Bolhari J. 1 8 2004 10 1 44 49 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to appraise the perspectives of Tehran psychiatrists on exist- ing mental health laws. Method: A questionnaire was provided either via mail or in person to 312 psychiatrists working in Tehran 160 of them responded. Data were analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods.Findings: Data obtained from the age groups of under and over 40 years old as well as male and female groups were studied. 20% of psychiatrists are not aware of the existing laws over 75% of them have encountered legal difficulties during their profession more than 70% of them acknow-ledged that the existing laws are insufficient. The research showed that female psychiatrists have faced legal difficulties 12% more than their male counterparts in their profession. 78% of all psy-chiatrists believed that there are not any standards for the protection of mentally ill patients and near 69% alleged that the judicial system has not secured any laws in support of the psychiatrists. 62% of respondents claimed that existing laws regarding hospitalization and discharge of mentally ill patients are inadequate. Results: The laws related to national mental health are deficient in the perspectives of psychi-atrists. 107 Psychiatry and Psychology Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Primary School Students in Tehran Panaghi L. Kafashi A. Seraji M. 1 8 2004 10 1 50 58 28 03 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the frequency of sleep disorders  in primary school students in the city of Tehran. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, parents of 692 primary school children completed a questionnaire binding child demographics,family structure, and sleep behaviors. Data were ana- lyzed by descriptive statistical methods, t-test, and c2 test. Findings: Sleep disorders were reported in 41.6% of primary school children. The most common disorder reportedly was bedtime resistance (20.7%). The occurrence of bedwetting was the only sleep disorder that was more frequent in boys than girls. Sleep disorder  was reported more frequent- ly in children of housewife mothers than working mothers. The frequency of parasomnia was less in children of college-educated fathers. College education of mothers was negatively correlated with frequency of sleep terror disorder and nightmares.Sharing a bed,fear and worry before asleep, and having no specific bedtime were correlated with more sleep disorders.Results: Sleep disorders are prevalent in primary school children in Tehran. The most common dis- order was bedtime resistance, which was mostly related with having no specific bedtime.  108 Psychiatry and Psychology Attitude of Kerman Universities Male Students toward Cigarettes Gavari F. Mohammad Alizadeh S. Ramezani T. Riani M. Bahrampour M. R. 1 8 2004 10 1 59 67 04 04 2007  Abstract Objectives: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the attitude of Kerman universities male students toward cigarettes and its relation to their demographic, social, and family variables were evaluated. Method: 558 male students of Kerman universities were selected through random-cluster samp-ling and 460 of them who responded completely to the questionnaires were evaluated. Data were collected via an researcher-constructed questionnaire and then analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. Findings: The assessed attitude scores ranged between 29 and 117. The mean scores per attitude statement fluctuated between 0.7 and 1.5. Amongst the 29 attitude statements, the highest mean score (3.43) was related to the statement “Easy access to cigarettes is a reason for smoking”. After that, the following statements placed second and third respectively: “Non-smokers too experience much of harmful consequences of cigarette smoking” (3.41) and  "Rather than prohibiting  cigarettes, it is better to reduce its harmful effects” (2.65). This appraisal yielded a significant difference bet-ween the respondents in the variables: level of education, purchasing cigarettes for parents, and believing in harmfulness of cigarettes to health. There was not a significant difference observed in the variables: father’s occupation, father’s level of education, mother’s level of education, and mother’s smoking. The variables “friend’s smoking” and “friends encouraging to smoke” too indi- cated significant statistical difference. There was not a significant difference found regarding the place of education (university), age, mother’s occupation, father’s smoking, siblings’ smoking, the number of smoking professors, age and place of smoking the first cigarette, and reasons for smoking. Results: Some of the students’ demographic specifics are related to their attitude toward cigarette smoking. 109 Psychiatry and Psychology Effect of Preparatory Information on General Surgical Operation Besharat M. A. Aghamohammadbeigi Emami M. Kormi Nouri R. 1 8 2004 10 1 68 77 04 04 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of preparatory information on anxi-ety and physical recovery of patients undergoing hernia, hemorrhoid, and cholecystectomy surgical operations. Method: 180 patients in the study, scheduled for surgery were randomly allocated to experimental (n=86) and control (n=94) groups. All patients completed Spielberger State-Trait  Anxiety Ques-tionnaire in two sessions, once the day before and then again one hour before the operation.Infor- mation through education in written and oral forms was provided regarding  surgical operation and usual nursing practices only for the experimental group. Data were analyzed by statistical t-test and analysis of variance. Findings:  This evaluation indicated that provision of information for the experimental group re-duced patients’ level of state anxiety, improved the rate of recovery process, and decreased the amount of pain and use of sedatives. Giving information reduced not only the patients’ anxiety, but also lowered physiological indications such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Results: Information reduces anxiety, enhances predictability, and along with increase in patients' “responsibility”, it accelerated the rate of physical recovery.  110 Psychiatry and Psychology Mental Health of Mothers with Children Afflicted with Psychiatric Disorders Comparison with Control Group Salehi M. Salarifar M. H. Hadian M. 1 8 2004 10 1 78 84 04 04 2007  AbstractObjectives: In this project, the mental health status of mothers with children afflicted with psy-chiatric disorders was compared with that of the mothers of children without psychological comp- laints. Method: 57 mothers of children afflicted with psychiatric disorders and 56 mothers of children without psychological  complaints were selected as the subjects of the study via available sampling. The subjects from  the two groups were matched in terms of some demographic variables. To collect data the 28-question version of General Health Questionnaire was  used. Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: The mean scores of mothers of children with psychiatric disorders were higher than those of the mothers of children with no psychological complaints in the subscales of somatic synd- rome, anxiety syndrome, social functioning, and depressive syndrome the difference was more con- siderable in anxiety syndrome. Results: The mothers of children afflicted with psychiatric disorders experience more depression and anxiety, lower social functioning and physical health than mothers of children with no psy-chological complaints.   111 Psychiatry and Psychology The Effect of Fine Movements Training of Hands on Drawing and Writing Skills of Slow Learner Students Mirzakhani N. Ashayeri H. Zeraati H. Behnia F. 1 8 2004 10 1 85 92 04 04 2007  AbstractObjective: In this project, the effect of fine-movements training of hands was evaluated in child-ren’s academic advancement and improvement of drawing and writing skills. Method: This was an experimental research project. The effectiveness of this interventional method was evaluated on 36 slow learner students randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The subjects in the two groups were matched in terms of sex, age, level of family education, in-telligence, and body size variables. The subjects were selected from 6-8 year old students of two slow learners -special education- schools in Tehran. They were appraised by diagnostic evaluation, intelligence test, school readiness, and via functional assessment and demographical question-naires.During a three-month period, the experimental group received some training on fine-move- ments skills of hands on one and one basis, three times a week. The control group was evaluated only in pre-and posttests and received no interventions. The posttests were conducted in both groups three months after the completion of the educational sessions. The data collected in pre-and post-tests were analyzed by two–factor ANOVA with repeated measures of c2, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney test. Findings: As a result of fine movements training of hands, a significant difference was observed between the pre-and posttests segments of the experiment on drawing and writing skills of the sub- jects. Results: Fine-movements training of hands enhances drawing and writing skills of students in slow learner schools. 112 Psychiatry and Psychology Olfactory Identification Ability in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Farhoudian A. Shariat S. V. Taj M. Shasavand E. 1 8 2004 10 1 93 99 04 04 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was a two fold one was to compare the olfactory identifica-tion ability in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypy with that of the patients with mood dis-orders as well as the normal subjects the other was to assess any possible changes after treatment in olfactory identification ability in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The subjects of the study comprised 22 patients afflicted with schizophrenia and five with schizotypy (mean age of 41 years old),28 patients with mood disorders (13 with major depressive and 14 with bipolar disorders with the mean age of 39 years old), and finally 27 normal subjects (mean age of 39 years old). All subjects were assessed initially and the patients  with schizophre-nia were assessed twice more three and six weeks after the commencement of treatment with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The data were analyzed by Kruskal- Wallis, Chi- square, Mann-Whitney, and Freedman tests. Findings: A significant difference was found between patients with schizophrenia and schitypy with normal subjects in olfactory identification ability. There was not any significant difference bet- ween other groups on this matter. No significant changes in olfactory identification ability were detected in schizophrenic patients after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Results: Deficit in olfactory identification ability of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and its persistence despite treatment is testimonial to its trait-like characteristic in such disorders.  113 Psychiatry and Psychology Test Construction for Assessment of Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Creativity Tabatabaian M. 1 8 2004 10 1 100 109 04 04 2007  AbstractObjectives: The main purpose of this project was to construct a test that would in effect show the positive and negative attitudes of teachers toward creativity. Method: Construction of the test was implemented based on the equal-appearing interval method of Thurstone and Chave. First, 150 sentences were collected from various sources binding different attitudes concerning creativity. The number of sentences was reduced to 90 via a preliminary test. Next, 111 judges sorted the sentences on  a seven-point scale ranging from unfavorable to neutral and favorable.Then the scale values as well as the ambiguity values of sentences based on sorting of the judges were computed. Findings: 30 sentences with the least amount of ambiguity values and serving the purpose of the study were selected so as to produce a spread along the scale continuum. Scale values and ambigui- ty values are presented for the 30 selected sentences. Results: Usage of similar tests for the assessment of attitudes toward creativity can increase this test’s functionality.  114 Psychiatry and Psychology Integration of Mental Health Program in Andimeshk Primary Health Care Network Davasaz Irani R. 1 8 2004 10 1 110 115 04 04 2007 115 Psychiatry and Psychology The Level of Marital Adjustment in Dormitory Students Nasehi A. Raeesi F. Jafari M. Rahmani M. 1 8 2004 10 1 116 121 04 04 2007  AbstractObjectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the level of marital adjustment and the re-lation between marital adjustment and some demographic variables in a group of students residing at the dormitories of Tehran University of medical sciences. Method: This is a descriptive-cross sectional study.The instrument to collect data was the marital adjustment questionnaire. The subjects for this study were 148 residents of married students dor-mitory of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (74 males, 74 females). Data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher’s LSD. Findings: This project indicated 75.8% marital  adjustment and 24.2% incompatibility. Among evaluated variables, there were significant correlations between the variable marital adjustment and both age difference between the couples as well as duration of marriage in years. Results: Marital adjustment is reduced with the raise in age difference between the couples and dura- tion of marriage.   116 Psychiatry and Psychology Alcohol Use in Hospitalized Patients at Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital Attar H. Afkham Ebrahimi A. Nasr Esfahani M. 1 8 2004 10 1 122 129 04 04 2007 117 Psychiatry and Psychology Lycanthropy in Depression: Case Report Moghaddas A. Naseri M. 1 8 2004 10 1 130 134   Abstract Lycanthropy is a delusional belief by the patient considering himself or others transformed into wolf or other animals. The phenomenon of lycanthropy has been recognized since two thousand years ago and referred by various sources.The subject of this report was a young single male afflicted with stuttering from the age of 12. He has had some symptoms of depression since adolescence and recently developed lycanthropy syndrome. The subject diagnosed with depression along with lycanthropy syndrome (psychotic depression) received treatment with antipsychotic and antidep-ressant medications as well as individual psychotherapy. In a two-year evaluation, the pheno-menon of lycanthropy appeared remarkably less evident and the symptoms of depression were partially improved. 118 Psychiatry and Psychology Suicidal Ideations and the Level of Blood Cholesterol Chamanazad Shahri S. MalakoUti K. Hassanzadeh M. 1 8 2004 10 1 135 139 04 04 2007  Abstract Objectives: This project compared the level of blood cholesterol in hospitalized psychiatric pa-tients with suicidal ideations with that of similar patients with no suicidal thoughts.  Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional study,  the level of blood cholesterol of 374 patients (247 males, 127 females) admitted at Iran Psychiatric Education-Treatment Center was evaluated. The patients were divided in two groups of patients with and without suicidal ideations the level of their respective blood cholesterol was compared with one another. These subjects had been hos- pitalized with the diagnosis of schizophrenia (157 patients), bipolar (192 patients), major depress-ion (68 patients), and other psychiatric disorders. To analyze the data, t-statistical test was used. Findings: There was no significant difference between suicidal with non-suicidal patients’ level of basal cholesterol. Results: Level of blood cholesterol probably is not a biological marker, or a risk factor for suicide in hospitalized psychiatric patients.