@article{ author = {Saraei-Sahnesaraei, Mehrzad and Shamloo, Farhad and JahaniHashemi, Hassan and Khabbaz, Farhad and Alizadeh, Safar-ali}, title = {Relation Between Toxoplasma Gondii Infections and Schizophrenia}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: With reference to the hypothesis of association between central nervous system infections and schizophrenia, in this study the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infections and schizophrenia was studied. Method: In this case-control study, the serums of 104 inpatient schizophrenic patients admitted to  22 Bahman Hospital in Qazvin, Iran and 114 matched control subjects were examined. IgG and IgM specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using c2 test, t-test and Fisher exact test. Results: 55.3% of the cases and 50.9% of the controls were seropositive for IgG specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and the differences were not statistically significant. The proportion of seropositive subjects was significantly lower in the first-episode patients (33.3%) than those in the next episodes (59.8%) (P<0.05). Moreover, 14.6% of the cases and 20% of the controls were seropositive for IgM specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: An epidemiological association between Toxoplasma gondii infections and schizophrenia was not observed.}, Keywords = { Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; schizophrenia; ELISA}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {3-9}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Hamidifard, Sharareh and Fakhari, Ali and Mahboob, Soltanali and PourghassemGargari, Bahram}, title = {Plasma Levels of Lipoprotein (a) in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Raised lipoprotein (a) concentration is known as a probable cause of development of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the present study was carried out to measure lipoprotein (a) in individuals with major depressive disorder and to compare them with normal individuals. Method: In this case-control study, plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) and the lipid profile was measured in 35 patients with major depressive disorder and 35 normal individuals (control group) using standard methods. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and student’s t-test. Results: Total Cholesterol and LDL-c was significantly lower in patients (144.65± 3.74 vs. 186.14±5.82, and 72.78±3.00 vs. 110.21±5.27 mg/dl, p=0.001). The mean of lipoprotein (a) in patients with major depressive disorder was 74% higher than healthy controls (34.94±3.04 vs. 20.08±1.90 (mg/dl), p=0.001). Conclusion: The increase of lipoprotein (a) may contribute to higher risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with major depressive disorder.}, Keywords = { major depression; lipoprotein (a); cardiovascular disease}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-17}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Zahra and Ashayeri, Hassan and Malayeri, Saeed and Alaedini, Farshi}, title = {Validity and Reliability of Newsha Cognitive, Social Communication and Motor Development Scale in Persian Speaking Children}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The goal of the present study was preparing and determining the validity and reliability of “Newsha Developmental Scale” as an integrated test of cognitive, social communication and motor skills of Persian speaking children. Method: The first version of Newsha scale was prepared in three developmental milestones of “cognition”, “social communication”, and “motor” in 13 age groups from birth to 72 months. After a pilot study, the test was conducted on 593 normal children of both sexes in nurseries of Tehran province. The psychometric values were determined using test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, content validity and construct validity. Results: A correlation of more than 92% was found in both kinds of reliabilities (p<0.001). Construct validity exhibited the effect of age on test results in 91 percent of the instances. Difference between boys and girls was shown in only 4 items among all the 275 items of the scale (p<0.02). Conclusion: The “Newsha Scale” is an integrated and a comprehensive scale for evaluating development process and identifying any delay in developmental abilities in Persian speaking children from birth to 6 years of age, and has an appropriate reliability and validity.  }, Keywords = {Development, Cognition, Social Communication}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {18-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-660-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-660-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Rassouli, Maryam and Yaghmaie, Farideh and AlaviMajd, Hamid and Saeedolzakerin, Mansooreh}, title = {Development and Psychometrics of “Institutionalized Adolescents Spiritual Coping Scale”}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: There are few scales developed to measure spiritual coping, which are not fit to the special situation and culture of Iranian adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure spiritual coping in institutionalized adolescents. Method: This methodological research was conducted in two stages: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative stage to develop scale items, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with institutionalized adolescents. In the quantitative stage (psychometric testing), content validity index, face, construct and criterion-related validity as well as reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest) were assessed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis for assessing factor structure revealed that the three factors could explain 55.29% of the variance. Correlation of the scale scores with scores of “Institutionalized Adolescents Spiritual Attitude Scale” and “Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents” were 0.897 and 0.274 respectively. According to reliability measurement, internal consistency of the scale was coefficient alpha=0.964 and test-retest reliability with a 3-week time interval was 0.712. Conclusion: Institutionalized Adolescents Spiritual Coping Scale measures various dimensions of spiritual coping in this group of adolescents and has a high degree of reliability and validity.}, Keywords = {evaluation; spiritual; coping; institutionalized; adolescents}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-32}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-661-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-661-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, Ali}, title = {Validation of Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R): Compulsive Hoarding Measure}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This study was carried out with the aim of validation of Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R), which includes subjects related to hoarding and the failure to discard possessions that are useless or of limited value, and occur in many clinical syndromes, especially in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional study 348 individuals (142 males and 206 females) were randomly selected from different schools of Allameh Tabatabaie University, and were evaluated using SI-R and Padoa Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. Data were analyzed using factor analysis through principal component analysis, step by step multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: To obtain structure validity, principal component analysis with Promax rotation identified three factors, namely, difficulty discarding, clutter, and hoarding. These factors accounted for 70.82% of the total variance. Examination of the validity was carried out at the same time as the administration of Padoa Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, and results of multivariate regression analysis indicated a favorable convergent validity. In addition, validity was calculated using retest, half splitting, and internal consistency coefficient. Conclusion: Considering the features of appropriate psychometrics, the aforementioned instrument can be used in researches related to a wide variety of disorders with hoarding behavior, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, schizophrenia, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and psychosomatic disorders.}, Keywords = { obsessive-compulsive disorder; reliability; factor structure}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-41}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-662-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-662-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Melyani, Mahdiyeh and Shairi, Mohammad Reza and Ghaedi, Gholamhossein and Bakhtirari, Maryam and Tavali, Azadeh}, title = {The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Based on Heimberg`s Model on the Decrease of Social Anxiety Symptoms}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy with Heimberg’s model on Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Symptoms Reduction among female students. Method: Social Phobia Inventory (SPI) was administrated to 205 female students of Shahed University and 24 individuals were selected using structured clinical interview for social phobia, based on diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV. The subjects were then randomly assigned into two groups each with 12 members: the control group (8 principal participants and 4 reserves), and the experimental group (8 principal participants and 4 reserves). Then, cognitive-behavioral group therapy based on Heimberg’s model was administered to the experimental group. In the end, both groups were again evaluated using SPI. Results: Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant difference in the social phobia post-test scores  in both the experimental and control groups (p<0.001, z=-2.08), which remained stable one month after the end of treatment. The scores of both groups in subscales of fear, avoidance, and phy-siological problems did not have significant difference in the post-test stage. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy with Heimberg’s model can improve SAD in female students.}, Keywords = {social phobia; cognitive behavioral therapy; group therapy }, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-49}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {NematiSogolitappeh, Fatemeh and MahmoodAliloo, Majid and BabapurKheyroddin, Jalil and ToufanTabrizi, Mehrnoosh}, title = {Effectiveness of Group Life Skills Training on Decreasing Anxiety and Depression among Heart Patients, after Bypass Surgery}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group life skills training (anger management, assertiveness and relaxation) on decreasing of anxiety and depression among heart patients, after coronary artery bypass surgery. Method: In this experimental design, 40 coronary heart patients aged 35-65 years, having bypass for the first time, were selected randomly and assigned to two experiment and control groups. The instruments for data gathering in this study were “Beck Anxiety Inventory” and “Beck Depression Inventory”, which were completed by the subjects both before and after life skills training. Results: Group life skills training significantly decreased the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the patients in the experimental group (p<0.001). This change was not observed in the experimental group. There was no significant difference between males and females in the effectiveness of group life skills training. Conclusion: Group life skills training is effective in decreasing anxiety and depression in coronary patients after coronary bypass surgery.}, Keywords = {anger; assertiveness; relaxation; depression; coronary artery bypass surgery}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {50-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Sharifi, Ali Akbar and Davari, Roghieh}, title = {Comparison of the Effect of Three Methods of Creativity Development in Second Grade Guidance School Students}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This research was conducted with the objective of examining the effect of three methods of creativity development (brain storming, forced association and synectics) on creativity development in second grade guidance school students in Shahrekord. Method: The present study was a pretest-posttest experimental design with control group. To measure the dependent variable, namely, creativity, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Form B) were used. In this study, 80 second grade guidance school students (40 boys and 40 girls) were randomly selected and divided into four groups (brain storming, forced association, synectics and control group). Results: Results revealed significant differences between pretest and posttest scores of all groups except the control group (brain storming, p<0.05 synectics, p<0.01 forced association, p<0.05). Also, the difference between the methods of creativity development was not significant in other words, none of the creativity methods were superior to the others. However, there was a significant difference between the control group and the three training groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Regardless of the method, creativity training can lead to an increase in students creativity.}, Keywords = {creativeness; development; adolescent}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Hagh-Shenas, Hassan and Bahredar, Mohammad Jafar and Rahman-Setayesh, Zahr}, title = {A Clinical Trial for Reduction of Test Anxiety in a Group of Adolescents}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Test anxiety is a situation dependent anxiety that can cause a significant reduction in the ability of people in dealing with tests or assessments. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral methods in the form of group education on the reduction of test anxiety in high school adolescents in the city of Fasa (Fars province, Iran). Method: 30 boys and 30 girls in a unisex group therapy scheme (boys and girls separately, each group containing 15 individuals), participated in 10 group therapy sessions with cognitive-behavioral methods. Intervention methods included programs for training muscle relaxation and cognitive therapy for confronting stress. Results: Comparison of the results of the pretest and post-test revealed a decrease in the level of anxiety in the subjects to one third of the primary level, which remained constant until two months after dis-continuing the approach. The effect was higher in girls than in boys. Group therapy had a significant effect on the increase in the scores of participants’ self-esteem (p<0.001). Conclusion: Different methods of cognitive-behavioral group therapy can be effective in decreasing test anxiety in high school students.}, Keywords = {test anxiety; group therapy; stress }, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-69}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-666-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-666-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Gharehbaghy, Fatemeh and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maryam and Allahyary, Abbas Ali}, title = {Children’s Appraisal of Interparental Conflict, and their Psychopathological Symptoms: An Investigation of Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The present study represents an attempt to explain the mechanisms by which, parental conflict, a stressful life event in children's lives, may have an impact on children's psychological health. For this purpose, besides examining predictive relationships between in-dependent and criterion variables, we also evaluated the mediating and moderating interactions of three important variables, children's appraisals of parental conflict and emotional security in the family and their emotional coping strategies, indicative of perceived insecurity in the family, in the prediction of children's psychopathological symptoms. Method: This research used a stratified random sampling procedure with 413 fifth-grade primary school-children in the city of Tehran (220 girls & 193 boys).To assess children’s perceived emotional security in the family, their emotional coping strategies and their perception of parental conflict, the Security In the Family System (SIFS) Scale and the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict (CPIC) Scale was administered to them. To assess children’s affective and behavioral difficulties, mothers and teachers answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Findings reveal a significant relationship between the children’s feeling of insecurity in the family as well as children’s appraisal of interparental conflicts on children’s affective and behavioral symptoms (p<0.01). In addition, the mediating role of appraisal in the relation between emotional security and affective symptoms, the mediating role of the emotional reaction in relation to conflict appraisal with the psychopathological symptoms of the child, as well as the interactional role of emotional insecurity and child appraisal of parental conflicts, were confirmed. Conclusion: Results indicate that in the context of parental conflict, children’s appraisal of interparental conflict is a risk or vulnerability factor and family emotional security is a protective factor for children’s psycho-pathological symptoms.}, Keywords = { interparental conflict; behavior; psycho-pathological symptoms}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-80}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-667-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-667-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Haghayegh, Abbas and Oreyzi, Hamid Rez}, title = {Relation of Aggression Types according to Karen Horney’s Theory with Negative and Positive Driving Behaviors and Accidents}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relation of varieties of personality aggression types according to Karen Horney’s theory (Malevolence, Power, and Strength) with negative (errors and violations) and positive driving behaviors and frequency of accidents. Method: For this purpose, 263 volunteer drivers with generalized driving license (base two) were selected. The subjects completed Negative and Positive Driving Behavior Questionnaire (NPDBQ) and Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory (HCTI). They were also asked to indicate the number of accidents in which they had been faulty in the last 5 years. Results: Results of multiple regression analysis and correlation matrix showed that all three kinds of aggressions had positive and significant correlation with violations and errors and negative and significant correlation with positive driving behaviors (p<0.05). There was a negative and significant correlation between aggressions and driving behaviors. There was no significant correlation between the aggressions and the frequency of accidents. However, gender had a significant relation with frequency of accidents. Conclusion: Different types of aggressions, regarding gender, have important role in prediction of driving behaviors and accidents.}, Keywords = {aggression; behavior; accident}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {81-85}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-668-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-668-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Shabani, Amir}, title = {Editorial}, abstract ={Editorial}, Keywords = {Editorial}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-98}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-832-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-832-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Shabani, Amir}, title = {Strategies for Decreasing False Negative and Positive Diagnoses of Bipolar Disorders}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Given the importance of refraining from under- and overdiagnosing bipolar disorders, the author has searched for appropriate diagnostic strategies. Method: In a selective review of literature, Medline and PsycLIT  were used to cite articles in the field of bipolar spectrum disorders. Also, SID (the Scientific Information Database of Iran) was used for citing related published articles in Farsi. Results: The findings related to the issue’s importance, the existing evidence, and the strategies for approaching an appropriate diagnosis are presented in two parts: under-diagnosis and overdiagnosis. Conclusion: The rates of both false negative and positive diagnoses for bipolar disorders are remarkable. Although various diagnostic strategies are available, using these strategies and current knowledge are not sufficient to  assure us of an accurate diagnosis.}, Keywords = { bipolar disorder; bipolar depression; diagnosis}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-127}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Shirazi, Elham and Shahrivar, Zahr}, title = {Diagnostic Debates of Childhood Bipolar Disorder: From the Formal Diagnostic Criteria to the Severe Mood Dysregulation}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Defining bipolar disorder in children is a topic of multiple debates. DSM-IV criteria can not cover all clinical phenotypes. This paper represents a literature review on this topic. Method: In a review study, data were collected through searching in relevant databases and assessing available texts. Results: Developmental processes may change clinical presentation of bipolar disorder in children. Comorbidity with other disorders and normal childhood phenomena adds to the diagnostic debates. Atypical presentation appears to be the common clinical picture of bipolar disorder in childhood. Its premorbid symptoms, longitudinal course and continuity to adulthood are still not completely understood. Some investigators have proposed three clinical phenotypes for childhood bipolar disorder. Wide researches are trying to evaluate the validity of broad phenotype bipolar disorder or "severe mood dysregulation". Conclusion: Defining clinical pheno- types is important in planning the treatment and anti-cipating the course and prognosis of the illness. The diagnostic subtyping will have higher validity if based on data from multiple sources namely phenomenology, course of illness, biological markers, familial clustering, and treatment response.}, Keywords = { bipolar disorder; children; mood; dysregulation}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {128-146}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Eftekhar, Mehrdad and Shabani, Amir}, title = {Borderline Personality Disorder Is Not a Subtype of Bipolar Disorder}, abstract ={AbstractBroadening the concept of bipolar spectrum, selective attention to similarities between the spectrum and other disorders and ignoring the differences, abandonment of skillful clinical judgment and permissiveness in diagnosing this spectrum have led to the inclusion of several disorders such as borderline personality disorder in this spectrum. Grouping together borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder might have therapeutic consequences for patients and, may even deprive them from appropriate treatment therefore, clarifying the differences between the two is of significant importance. Biological aspects such as neuro-transmitter abnormalities, serum cortisole level, dexa-methasone suppression test and sleep abnormalities of borderline patients resemble MDD more than they resemble bipolar disorders. From a phenomenological perspective, mood abnormalities of borderline patients are different from that of mood disorders in essence. Also, there are significant differences between the two disorders in terms of course and treatment. Therefore, if we pay attention to these disorders from different perspectives, we will find significant differences, which preclude the simple inclusion of borderline personality disorder within the bipolar spectrum.}, Keywords = { bipolar disorder; borderline personality disorder; biological markers}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {147-158}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {AminEsmaeili, Masoumeh and SardarpourGudarzi, Shahrokh}, title = {Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Mood Disorders in Iran}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The studies on the burden of disease in Iran have revealed that psychiatric disorders ranked second among all medical illnesses. furthermore, depressive disorders were shown to be the most common morbid illness among women. To define a prospective view of the studies on mood disorders in Iran, we performed a bibliometric study on the relevant literature. Method: The present research is a descriptive analysis and a secondary and research upon research study. Two Iranian databases Iranmedex and Iranpsych, and two international databases Medline and EMBASE were searched by two psychiatrists with good inter-rater reliability. Results: From a total of 973 articles meeting the inclusion criteria, 78.4%, 7.8%, and 4% of the articles were dedicated to depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, and suicide respectively. The majority of the studies (i.e. 53%) were on the epidemiology, Methodologies of researches were descriptive, descriptive/analytic and analytic in 32.8%, 39.5%, and 28%  of the articles, respectively. While 32.8% of studies were cross-sectional. Others such as cohort, hypothetical, systematic review, and economic studies, each constituted less than 1% of the studies. Nearly two-thirds of the articles were published in Iranian journals. Conclusion: There is a growing trend in the publication of articles on mood disorders and mood disorder studies. Nevertheless, considering the prevalence of these disorders, the whole scientific output is still insignificant in some areas.}, Keywords = { research; bibliometric analysis; mood disorders}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {159-167}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Amini, Homayoun and Sharifi, Vandad and Nejatisafa, Aliakbar and Arbabi, Mohammad and Tabatabaie, Maryam and Alimadadi, Zeinab and Faridhosseini, Farhad and RafieiMilajerdi, Mahdi and Manouchehri, Alireza and Seddige, Arshi}, title = {One Year Follow-up of Patients with Bipolar Disorder Admitted to Roozbeh Hospital}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a group of  patients with bipolar I disorder admitted to Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran,  during one year follow up. Method: In this prospective naturalistic study, 131 subjects with bipolar I disorder who were con-secutively admitted to the hospital were enrolled. Patients were assessed at baseline, discharge, and 6 and 12 months after admission to the hospital. Different aspects of response to treatment including severity of mood and psychotic symptoms, extrapyramidal side effects, global functioning and service satisfaction were assessed using a demographic questionnaire, Young Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Results: Severity of symptoms and function showed significant improvement only at discharge (p<0.001), and was not significant afterwards. Patients showed a response rate of 65.4% based on 50% decrease on (Y-MRS), at discharge. Conclusion: Improvement in symptom severity and global functioning was significant at discharge but there was no significant improvement after discharge and during one year follow up.}, Keywords = {bipolar disorder; treatment outcome; longitudinal study }, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {168-174}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Amini, Homayoun and Alimadadi, Zeinab and Nejatisafa, Aliakbar and Sharifi, Vandad and Ahmadi-Abhari, Seyed Ali}, title = {Quality of Life in a Group of Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Some of their Clinical Characteristics}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of life in a group of patients with bipolar disorder at admission, discharge and six month after hospitalization in Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Method: In a cohort study, one hundred and twenty hospitalized patients with bipolar  disorder type I or mixed episode, aged between 18 and 65 years, were included in a consecutive manner from May, 2005 to September, 2006. Data were collected using World Health Organization-Quality of Life-Bref scale (WHO-QoL-BREF), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 )HAM-D-17), Positive And Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) at admission, discharge and six months after hospitalization. Results: Quality of life was not significantly different between the time of admission and six months after hospitalization. The most significant finding was the reverse relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life at admission (p<0.001), discharge (p<0.001), and after six months follow-up (p=0.001). General psychotic symptoms also showed a reverse relationship at admission (p<0.001), discharge (p<0.01), and six months after hospitalization (p<0.001). Negative psychotic symptoms showed a significant reverse relationship with quality of life at admission (p<0.005) and discharge (p<0.05). Conclusion: Quality of life shows no significant improvement six months after hospitalization.}, Keywords = {bipolar disorder; quality of life; psychotic; symptoms}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {175-182}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Barekatain, Majid and Tavakkoli, Mahgol and Kheirabadi, Gholamreza and Maracy, Mohammad Rez}, title = {The Relationship between life-time Prevalence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders and Incidence of Postnatal Depression}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The present study was carried out to determine the incidence of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (BSD) among pregnant women in rural areas of the province of Isfahan using Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), and its relationship with the development of post-partum depression (PPD). Method: This cohort prospective study was carried out on all pregnant women in their third trimester, residing in rural areas covered by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. In the first stage, all subjects were assessed for present depression and life-time BSD, by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and MDQ respectively. In the second stage, 6-8 weeks after delivery, all women who did not have depression at the first stage were screened for postnatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: Results showed the incidence of 24.65% for PPD. Significant correlation between life-time prevalence of BSD and incidence of PPD was shown (p<0.05, r=0.24). The sensitivity and specificity of the MDQ for predicting PPD were 46.6% and 75.6% respectively. Its positive and negative predictive values to predict PPD were 2.6% and 98.8% respectively. Conclusion: Significant correlation between the long-life prevalence of BSD and incidence of PPD supported the hypothesis that PPD belongs to BSD. In addition, in instances where other risk factors of PPD are present, this questionnaire can be used to predict the probability of not developing PPD.}, Keywords = { depression; bipolar depression disorder; postpartum}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {183-192}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Dashtbozorgi, Bahman and Ghadirian, Fataneh and Khajeddin, Niloofar and Karami, Kobr}, title = {Effect of Family Psychoeducation on the Level of Adaptation and Improvement of Patients with Mood Disorders}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The present study was carried out to determine the effect of the family’s knowledge and skills on the improvement of patients with mood disorder. Method: In a clinical experiment, 31 patients with mood disorders presenting to Golestan Hospital in the city of Ahwaz, Iran, were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The control group took part in six weekly psychoeducation sessions. Data were collected using Mc Master Family Questionnaire, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Beach-Rafaelsen Mania Scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning. Results: After intervention, the two groups showed significant statistical difference with regard to family adaptation (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the two groups regarding the severity of symptoms and general functioning of the patients before discharge, at discharge, and three months after intervention. Also, results showed a significant difference regarding medication compliance between the two groups. Conclusion: Psychological training of the family can affect family adaptation. These findings imply the necessity for the provision of educational, social, and consulting services and the formation of social networks for the patients and their families.}, Keywords = { mood disorder; family; recovery}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {193-200}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Panaghi, Leili and HakimShooshtari, Mitra and Sharafi, Seyedeh Elham and Abbasi, Maryam}, title = {Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Offsprings of Bipolar Parents and the Control Group}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: In this study behavioral and emotional problems of child and adolescent offsprings of bipolar parents were compared to that of their peers with normal parents. Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 86 child and adolescent offsprings of patients with bipolar disorder (subject group) and 93 offsprings of healthy parents who had presented to  Iran Psychiatric Hospital and Hazrat-e-Rasool Hospital (control group) were selected using convenience sampling, and were evaluated using demographic form and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Comparison between mean scores of CBCL subscales was done using t-test and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Results: Mean scores of the subject group in somatic complaints, anxious/ depressed, attention problems, aggression, internalizing, and general problems subscales were higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Behavioral problems in the offsprings of parents with bipolar disorder are more prevalent than the individuals in the control group.}, Keywords = { bipolar disorder; parents; child behavior }, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {201-207}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Semnani, Yousef and Nazemi, Farzad and EhsaniArdakani, Mohammad Javad and AzariYam, Ailee}, title = {Comparison of Bilirubin Level Changes in Schizophrenia and Type I Bipolar Disorder}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate bilirubin level changes in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Method: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Hospitalized patients of at least 20 years of age, with the primary diagnosis of psychosis, were first evaluated using Structured Clinical Interview DSM-IV for Axis I disorders (SCID-I) and 162 patients with schizophrenia and 155 patients with bipolar mood disorders entered the study. Ninety five cardiac patients who were admitted to CCU with no personal and family history of psychosis were selected as the control group. Plasma levels of total and direct bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and prothrombin time (PT) as well as the reticulocyte count were measured for all of the subjects. Also, bilirubin levels at admission and at discharge were compared. Results: Distribution of age, sex and also positive and general psychopathology subscales were not significantly different in the relevant groups. Initial total bilirubin levels were higher in patients with schizophrenia (p<0.001) and  were more associated with general psychopathology subscale rather than positive subscale. Bilirubin level was decreased in all three groups at discharge (p<0.05) and the rate of decrease was higher in schizophrenic group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mild increase in serum bilirubin level is an usual finding in acute psychosis and does not require further clinical or laboratory investigation, but the difference observed between the admission and discharge bilirubin levels is higher in patients with symtoms of psychosis especially in schizophrenics (more than that expected to be caused merely by imposed stress of acute mental illness or hospitalization).}, Keywords = {schizophrenia; psychosis; bipolar disorder; bilirubin; Gilbert\'s disease}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {208-215}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {EslamishahrBabaki, Mahin and DavariAshtiani, Rosita and Razjooyan, Katayoon and Amini, Homayoo}, title = {Comparing the Effects of Buspirone and Methylphenidate in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: To investigate the efficacy and side effects of buspirone in comparison with methylphenidate for controlling symptoms of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: A total of thirty two 6-12 years old children with ADHD were examined. The teacher and parent ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) was used to gather data from both groups. Drug side effects were assessed based on side effect checklists for both drugs. Dosage of drug for patients was 0.5 mg/kg/day for the buspirone group and 0.3-1 mg/kg/day for the methylphenidate group. Data were analysed using paired t test, one way analysis of variance with repeated measures, independent t test and c2. Results: In the end of six weeks, both groups showed decreases in the total score of ADHD-RS in subscales of attention deficit, hyper-activity, and impulsivity (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed between the two groups on the parent (p=0.77) and teacher (p=0.23) rating scale scores. The groups were different regarding the inattention subscale, with methylphenidate being superior to buspirone. Side effects of buspirone were mild and rare in comparison with that of methylphenidate. Conclusion: Buspirone has a favorable side effect profile and it improves ADHD symptoms significantly. These preliminary findings of efficacy of buspirone in children with ADHD need further studies.}, Keywords = { children adhd; Buspirone; methylphenidate}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {223-230}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-831-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-831-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Aguilar-Vafaie, Maryam and Gharehbaghy, Fatemeh}, title = {Psychometric Properties of Persian Parent and Teacher Versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a Sample of Iranian Children}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the features of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in a sample of Iranian children, which is a measure developed for children behavioral and affective difficulties assessment. Method: Ratings of teachers and mothers of about 413, ten to twelve years old children (193 boys and 220 girls) were gathered and evaluated. To assess the psychometric properties of this questionnaire, factor analysis and assessment of internal homogeneity was used. The relationships of each subscale with gender, normative data for this age group, and cut-off points were also calculated. Results: Moderate to high reliability was found for all subscales, however, support for the original five-factor structure of the measure was not found. Findings indicated adequate validity of mothers and teachers’ reports of relationships of subscales with each other. The total difficulties score was relatively higher for boys than girls according to the evaluations of both mothers and teachers. Conclusion: The Persian version of this questionnaire possesses a three factor structure with good psychometric characteristics. However, the use of this questionnaire in psychological studies in samples of Iranian children has been relatively neglected. The findings of the present research point to the significant value of this questionnaire for future studies.}, Keywords = {Children’s Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); children; validity; psychometrics}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {231-241}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-821-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-821-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Shareh, Hossein and AsgharnejadFarid, Ali Asghar and Yazdandoost, Rokhsare}, title = {Relationship between Running Away from Home with Coping Strategies and Attributional Styles in Female Adolescents in the City of Meshed}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: This study was conducted to examine the relationship of coping strategies and attributional styles with the risk of running away from home, among female adolescents. Method: 500 females from Meshed city (located in north east of Iran) high schools at districts 2, 5 and 7 were selected using random cluster sampling. All subjects completed 4 questionnaires: demographic characteristics, Risk of Running Away from Home, Coping Strategies, and Attributional Styles. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Results: There was significant relationship between female’s running away from home and social support coping strategies, physical and emotional inhibition, stable-unstable aspects of failure, and  stable-unstable, internal-external, and total-partial aspects of success in Attributional Styles Questionnaire. Regression analysis revealed a significant role for physical and emotional inhibition strategies and total-partial success in female’s running away from home (p<0.01). Conclusion: There was significant correlation between coping strategies and attributional styles with risk of females’ running away from home.}, Keywords = { running away; coping strategies; attributes }, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {242-247}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-822-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-822-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Rieffe, Carolien and Nasiri, Habib and Latifian, Mortez}, title = {Alexithymia and its Relationship with Physical Complaints and Emotional Competency in Children and Adolescents}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this investigation was to study alexithymia and its relationship with physical complaints, emotional competency and mood disorders in children and adolescents. Method: 593 (308 girls and 285 boys) elementary school children in the city of Shiraz were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children, Mood List for Children and Somatic Complaint List. The validity of the instruments was determined through calculating correlation between subscales with each other and the total scale, and reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. Results indicated a satisfactory and high reliability and validity of the instruments used in this study. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and regression analysis. Results: Alexithymia showed positive association with physical complaints and negative emotions, and negative association with happiness. Gender differences were also significant, and girls had higher scores averages in comparison with boys. Conclusion: Difficulty in identifying feelings and external oriented thinking had the highest and lowest predictive powers respectively.}, Keywords = { alexithymia; children; adolescents; emotions; mood disorders}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {248-257}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-823-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-823-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Aminoroaia, Mahin and Attari, Abbas and Abedi, Heidarali}, title = {Clients’ Satisfaction with Children and Adolescents Consultation Clinics and the Provision of Strategies: A Qualitative Research}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: To explore the basic conceptions of satisfaction, to determine the ultimate strategies and depicting the process of improvement in satisfaction in clients of children and adolescent consultation clinics. Method: In this qualitative study, the triangulation method was applied in two phases: phenomenological investigation in the first phase, and focus groups and the Delphi technique in the second. The study sample consisted of clients (16 individuals) and the staff of Isfahan’s Shariati Children and Adolescents Consultation Clinic (8 individuals). Data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. Results: A total number of 834 concept codes were worked out which were then classified into 130 concept structures. In the third level, these concept structures were set into 30 groups according to their common characteristics. Suggested strategies, obtained through group and advisory discussions were classified into 16 items. Conclusion: A total number of 18 strategies were deducted, including developing a data collection committee, development of a continuous non-pharmachological intervention program, developing other guidance clinics in the city, establishing parent training classes, programming and establishing a daily routine for the clinic activities and services, improving team work attendance and establishing objectives regarding patient rights.}, Keywords = { patient satisfaction; consultation; children and adolescents; qualitative research}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {258-264}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Faridehsadat and Khayyer, Mohamm}, title = {Prediction of Behavioral and Decisional Procrastination Considering Meta-Cognition Beliefs in University Students}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the prediction of procrastination using meta-cognitive beliefs. Method: 199 students (126 female and 73 male) from different schools of Shiraz University were selected using random cluster-multistage sampling, and completed the Meta-cognition Questionnaire-30, General Procrastination Scale and Decisional Procrastination Scale. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression method. Results: The results showed that uncontrollability and danger (p<0.001), cognitive confidence (p<0.01), and cognitive self-consciousness (p<0.001) of meta-cognition beliefs could predict behavioral procrastination. Also, uncontrollability and danger (p<0.001), and cognitive self-consciousness (p<0.001) of meta-cognition beliefs could predict decisional procrastination. Conclusion: Self- regulatory executive function model is useful in the prediction of procrastination in behavior and decision making as emotional-behavioral disorders.}, Keywords = { self-regulatory executive function; cognition; beliefs; procrastination}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {265-273}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-825-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-825-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Abolfazl and Fata, Ladan and Yazdandoost, Rokhsareh}, title = {Predictors of Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms in Students}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the present study was to identify some potential predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In this study, the correlations of cognitive (responsibility, perfectionism), temperamental (behavioral inhibition), and emotional (anxiety, depression, stress) components with obsessive-compulsive symptoms were examined. Method: In a correlation study, 400 students from Tehran University and Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected using cluster sampling. The students completed Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Responsibility Attitude Scale, Ahvaz Perfectionism Scale and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales. Results: Results from stepwise regression showed that responsibility, perfectionism, behavioral inhibition, stress and anxiety entered in the model as predictors, but depression was excluded from the regression model. Predictors had different weights in predicting symptoms. Predictive equation is reported for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in students.Conclusion: Except cognitive and behavioral components, the correlation of behavioral inhibition with obsessive-compulsive symptoms was also confirmed.}, Keywords = {obsessive-compulsive disorder; responsibility; students}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {274-284}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, Ali and Najafi, Mahmud and Ashuri, Ahm}, title = {Religious Orientation in People with High Schizotypal Traits}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation appears to be useful in understanding the relation between religion and schizotypal personality as well as schizophrenia. The present study was carried out with the aim of examining the relation between religious orientation and schizotypal traits. Method: A sample of 210 individuals was selected from university students using random stratified sampling. Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire A form (STQ A) and Religious Attitude Testing Questionnaire (RATQ) were administered to the subjects. Results: All three schizotypal traits had significant relationship with extrinsic religious orientation (p<0.01). From among the schizotypal traits, “unusual perceptual experiences” was a suitable predictor for extrinsic religious orientation. Also, subjects with high schizotypal traits scored higher in extrinsic religious orientation, than subjects with low schizotypal traits. Conclusion: Since intrinsic religious orientation has no relationship with schizotypal traits, it could be concluded that despite being more religious, individuals with high schizotypal traits have more immature religiosity. Also, these findings are consistent with the view that intrinsic religiosity is associated with aspects of psychological well-being, and extrinsic religiosity is associated with poorer psychological well-being.}, Keywords = { mental health; religion; orientation }, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {283-289}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-827-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-827-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Moghanloo, Mahnaz and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maryam}, title = {Domain and Facets of the Five Factor Model of Personality Correlates of Happiness, Mental Health and Physical Health}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between domains and facets of the five factor model of personality and happiness, mental health and physical health. Method: In a descriptive study, 359 individuals (177 females and 182 males) were chosen through multi-stage stratified random sampling procedures from the population of undergraduate students from two universities in the city of Tehran (Iran). The subjects completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and three individual rating scales (happiness, mental health and physical health). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Happiness and physical health were positively related to extraversion and conscientiousness and negatively related to neuroticism. Mental health was positively related to extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness and negatively related to neuroticism. In addition, happiness was positively associated with mental and physical health. Stepwise Regression analysis showed that happiness and physical health were predicted by neuroticism, openness to experience and extraversion. However, only some facets of each factor were significant predictors of the factors. Conclusion: Along with other studies findings, high extraversion and low neuroticism are major predictors of happiness, mental health and physical health.}, Keywords = { happiness; mental health; health }, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {290-299}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-828-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-828-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {BalaliMeybodi, Fatemeh and Hassani, Mehdi}, title = {Prevalence of Violence Against Women by their Partners in Kerman}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: Domestic violence is the most common form of violence with the highest rate of frequency, lowest rate of report to the police, and highest psychological, social and economic complications and its reduction is a general health priority. The present study was performed to determine the frequency of domestic violence, and its related variables in the city of Kerman. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 20 clusters each consisting 20 households were selected through cluster sampling and by using postal codes from among families in the city of (located in south east of Iran) Kerman. 400 married women were examined ultimately.  Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 92%. Data obtained from the questionnaire were completed using an interview and analyzed using chi-square test. Results: Altogether, 46% of women had been exposed to various types of domestic violence by their partners, including psychological violence (78.6%), physical violence (55.6%), sexual violence (28.6%) and economic violence (34.7%). Domestic violence showed direct relationship with husband educational level (p=0.001) and the wife (p=0.004), husband’s job (p=0.01), living in rural areas until the age of 20 (p=0.002 for males and p=0.023 for females), addiction of husband (p=0.001) and wife (p=0.003), and living with other family members (p=0.001). From the point of view of violence-stricken women, the most prevalent causes of violence were a poor economic state (25.4%) and husbands’ job (8.9%).  Conclusion: Considering the results for the prevalence of domestic violence and its related factors, reinforcing skills such as stress management, anger control and creative thinking, methods of dealing with challenges and difficulties of married life through training couples is highly recommended, in order to reduce the rate of violence and establishing a calm familial environment.}, Keywords = { women; domestic violence; partner abuse}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {300-307}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-829-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-829-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Nazarboland, Neda and Farzaneh, Hengameh}, title = {Working Memory Impairments in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder}, abstract ={AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate working memory impairments in individuals with major depressive disorder. Method: Twenty five patients with major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, were matched by gender, age and education with 25 normal controls. All completed Beck Depression Inventory and participated in two working memory tasks: “Paced Auditory Serial Adding Test (PASAT)” and “Wechsler Digit Span Scale”. Results: T-test for independent groups indicated a weaker function in both memory tests for depressed subjects compared to the control group (p<0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between function in working memory tests and the severity of depression (p<0.001). Conclusion: Depression is associated with impairment of working memory, and the amount of impairment increases along with the increase in the severity of depressive symptoms.}, Keywords = {depression; memory; functions; cognitive impairments}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {308-313}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-830-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-830-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2009} } @article{ author = {Shabani, Amir}, title = {Editorial}, abstract ={Editorial}, Keywords = {PTSD, war}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-326}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-885-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-885-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Narenjiha, Hooman and Nouri, Roya and Akbarian, Mehdi and AzizabadiFarahani, Mehdi and Mirzamani, Mahmou}, title = {The Experience of Lifetime Non-fatal Overdose of Drugs in Iranian Substance Abusers}, abstract ={Objectives: The present study was carried out with the purpose of investigating lifetime non-fatal overdose of illicit addictive substances, its relationship with demographic characteristics, and pattern of abuse in individuals with substance dependency. Method: In a descriptive study, data were gathered from 29 provinces in Iran from May to September 2008. Addicted individuals were interviewed in prisons, treatment centers, and on the streets. Selection of participants was random in prisons and treatment centers, and via snowball sampling on the streets. Results: 3329 (42.1%) of individuals with dependency on illicit addictive substances, reported experiencing overdose in their lifetime. Lifetime experience due to non-fatal overdose in Iranian drug users was significantly higher in those whose primary substance was Norjesik (53.9% vs. 41.6%, p<0.001) or Heroin  (50.2% vs. 40.1%, p<0.001), and intravenous drug users (56.1% vs. 38.8%, p<0.001). Logestic regression showed that gender (p<0.01), living alone (p<0.05), unemployment (p<0.05), illegal income (p<0.01), history of  cigarette use in one family member (p<0.001) were predictors of experiencing non-fatal overdose. Conclusion: Paying attention to non-fatal substance overdoses in addicts in general, and heroin, Norjesik and intravenous users in particular is crucial. Organizaitons active in prevention, treatment and harm reduction should make the necessary preparations.}, Keywords = {overdose; substance abuse; intravenous injection }, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {327-333}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-886-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-886-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Firoozabadi, Abbas and AsgharnejadFarid, Ali Asghar and Mirzaei, Jafar and Shareh, Hossei}, title = {Normalization of Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-version 1 (CAPS-1) for Psychological Effects due to War}, abstract ={Objectives: This study was carried out with the aim of normalizing Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-version 1 (CAPS-1) for psychological consequences due to war. Method: Participants comprised 105 Iran-Iraq war male veterans with a disability degree of 15-50 percent all diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Reliability was evaluated by test-retest with two weeks interval and Cronbach's alpha. Factorial analysis with principle component analysis method was used to evaluate validity. Results: Test-retest reliability and Cronbach's coefficient for scale were 0.86 and 0.92 respectively. Factorial analysis with principle component analysis method indicated a high validity for the scale. Exploratory factorial analysis indicated a robust six-factor structure. Conclusion: CAPS-1 has appropriate validity and reliability for the population of Iranian veterans.}, Keywords = { Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; post traumatic stress disorder; veterans; standardization}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {334-342}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-887-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-887-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Rabiee, Mehdi and Khorramdel, Kazem and Kalantari, Mehrdad and Molavi, Hossei}, title = {Factor Structure, Validity and Reliability of the Modified Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Students}, abstract ={Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the factor structure, validity and reliability of the Modified Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in a sample of Iranian students. Method: The method of this study was standardi-zation. After the translation of the original version of the mentioned Scale to Farsi and confirming it by three psychology and English language professors, the final version was administered to 100 students (50 males, 50 females) of Isfahan University who were selected through stratified-cluster sampling. The age range of the participants was between 19 to 35 years. To assess  reliability, internal consistency and split half methods were used. Also, concurrent validity and validity of diagnostic factorial structure were used to determine reliability. Results: The range of Cronbach’s alpha was from 0.78 for factor of “power of thought control” to 0.93 for “obsessive thoughts and behaviors”. Also, the coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha reliability, split half, and Gotman coefficient were 0.93, 0.83, and 0.92 respectively. The correlation coefficient of this questionnaire with Padua Inventory and Body Satisfaction Scale was 0.58 and 0.33 respectively. Factor analysis of two factors, namely “power of thought control” and “obsessive thoughts and behaviours”, accounted for 66% of ques-tionnaire variance in total. Conclusion: Modified Yale-Brown Obsessive-compulsive Scale for body dysmorphic disorder has satisfactory reliability and validity in the sample of Iranian students, and could be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.}, Keywords = { body dysmorphic disorder; Obsession Compulsion standardization}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {343-350}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-888-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-888-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Rajabi, Gholam Rez}, title = {Factorial Structure of Marital Satisfaction Scale in Married Staff Members of Shahid Chamran University}, abstract ={Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the factorial structure of marital satisfaction scale in staff members of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Method: 200 married staff members of Shahid Chamran University who were randomly selected from among the staff of the university, completed Mehrabian Marital Satis-faction Scale as well as Enrich Marital Satisfaction Ques-tionnaire. Results: Internal consistency of all the scale in women, men and the two extracted factors, indicated a high validity of the scale. Correlation coeficient between each scale item with the total score of the items  ranged between 0.06 to 0.88, and all (exept for item 10) were satistically significant (p<0.001). Concurrent validity coefficient between this scale and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire was 0.83. Principle Axis Factoring (oblique rotation) on Marital Satisfaction Scale accounted for 57.46% of the variance. The greater portion of this variance (45.64%) was accounted for by the first factor. Also, confirmatory factor analysis determined the two-factor model relative to the one-factor model. Conclusion: Regarding the satisfactory reliability and validity of Marital Satisfaction Scale, this scale could be useful in research settings and measuring couple satisfaction in consultation centers.}, Keywords = { marriage; standardization; satisfaction; reliability; validity}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {351-358}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-889-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-889-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Gharehbaghy, Fatemeh and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maryam}, title = {The Role of Marital Conflict and Family Emotional Security in Children’s Physical and Psychosocial Health}, abstract ={Objectives: This research investigated the role of marital conflict and family emotional security in children’s physical and psychosocial health. Method: 413 fifth-grade school children in the city of Tehran (220 girls and 193 boys) with a mean age of 10.81, were selected using relative stratified random sampling. Mothers responded to the Overt Hostility/ O’Leary-Porter Scale (OPS) and the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form (CHQ-PF-28) and children responded to the Security In the Family System (SIFS) scales. Results: The findings indicated that marital conflict and family emotional insecurity have inverse relationship with children’s physical and psychosocial health. Also, marital conflict was a predictor (inversely) of children emotional security. Conclusion: Marital conflict leads to an insecure attachment of children to parents.}, Keywords = { marital conflict; emotional; health; psychosocial aspects}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {359-367}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-890-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-890-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Mehdi and MahmoodAliloo, Majid and Aslanabadi, Nasser}, title = {Relationship between Stress and Coping Styles with Coronary Heart Disease: Role of Gender Factor}, abstract ={Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of coping styles and stress with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), as well as evaluating inefficient coping styles in patients with this disease. Method:  In a case-control study, 80 patients with coronary heart disease (40 males, 40 females) who had presented to Shahid Madani Hospital in the city of Tabriz were compared with 80 controls (40 males, 40 females) who were selected using convenience sampling, and were matched by a number of demographic factors with each other. Data were gathered using Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ) and Holms-Rahe Life Stress Inventory, and were analyzed via Logistic Regression, Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t-test. Results: CHD patients have higher stress rates in comparison with controls, and use emotion oriented coping styles in general. Seventy nine percent of the variance related to the development of CHD is due to stress and coping styles, among which emotion oriented coping style had the highest (51%) and stress had the lowest (11%) share. Male CHD patients mostly used the inefficient direct confrontation style and female CHD patients mostly used the inefficient self-control style. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between emotion oriented coping styles and CHD, and gender has an important role in this regard.}, Keywords = {coronary heart disease; stress; coping skills}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {368-376}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-891-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-891-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Moghanloo, Mahnaz and Aguilar-Vafaie, Maryam and Shahraray, Mehrnaz}, title = {The Relationship Between Identity Styles and Religiosity in Students}, abstract ={Objectives: The aim of this descriptive study was to examine the relationships between identity styles of the Berzonsky model and religiosity. Method: 359 students (182 males and 177 females) who were selected using a randomized stratified multi-stage method from among undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti and Tehran universities, were assessed using Berzonsky Identity Styles Inventory (ISI), Islamic Orientation Questionnaire, and the Duriez Post Critical Belief Scale (PCBS). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Based on correlation analysis, most religiousity variables were positively related to informational and normative identity styles and negatively related to diffuse/avoidant identity style. Also, stepwise regression analysis showed that religious belief and practice, was predicted by informational and normative identity styles, inclusion of transcendence was predicted by normative and diffuse/avoidant identity styles (negatively)  and symbolic processing was positively predicted by informational identity style. Conclusion: The positive relation of most religiousity factors with informational and normative identity styles, and their negative relationship with diffuse/avoidant identity styles indicates that these factors belong to a common  religious construct}, Keywords = { identity; religious beliefs; morality}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {377-387}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-892-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-892-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Maghsoodloo, Safa and Ghodousi, Arash and Kafashian, Alireza and Bahramzadeh, Somayeh and Attari, Abbas}, title = {Committing Murder in Female Murderers: A Qualitative Research}, abstract ={Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the factors leading to murder in females convicted of this crime. Method: In this qualitative research, a deep interview was carried out with 19 female murder convicts in Isfahan Central Prison, during which factors such as childhood and familial conditions, marriage, personal and familial features of the spouse, and motivations for murder were discussed. By coding the interviews and classifying  similar codes together, three principal groups resulted: “factors related to the murderer”, “factors related to the victim”, and “factors related to murder”. Results: The convicts belonged mainly to suburban and rural areas, and crowded families of low education and income. Most subjects had only passed the elementary years of school, and except for one case, none had a history of crime and imprisonment before committing the present crime. Also, a history of a major psychiatric disorder, antisocial and promiscuous behavior, aggression, and addiction before marriage was not present in any of the cases. Major motivations of murder included personal factors related to the victim and domestic problems after marriage. In most cases, the murder victim had been an aggressive individual, with a history of severe physical, sexual and psychological abuse toward his spouse, addiction, history of extramarital relations, encouraging or threatening women to make an earning through illicit means, unemployment, and improper financial status. Conclusion: Unsuitable marriage can lead to detrimental individual, familial and social consequences.}, Keywords = {murderer; motivation; risk factors}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {388-397}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-893-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-893-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Shariat, Vahid and Taban, Mozhg}, title = {Limitation in using standardized patients in OSCE: A case report}, abstract ={Letter to the Editor}, Keywords = {OSCE, SP}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {398-400}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services}, url = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-894-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-894-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology}, issn = {1735-4315}, eissn = {2228-7515}, year = {2010} }