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Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2019)
IJPCP 2019, 25(2): 150-163 |
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Dirmanchi N, khanjani M S. Comparison of Resilience and Self-Efficacy in Athletes and Non-Athletes With Disabilities Caused by Spinal Cord Injury. IJPCP 2019; 25 (2) :150-163
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2947-en.html
URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2947-en.html
1- MSc. Student of Rehabilitation Counseling, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2- PhD. in Rehabilitation Counseling, Department of Rehabilitation Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,sa.khanjani@uswr.ac.ir
2- PhD. in Rehabilitation Counseling, Department of Rehabilitation Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
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1. Introduction
is a general term refers to the condition that restricts activities and prevents people from participation in activities [1]. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2007 stated that people with disabilities include those with a long-term physical, psychological, and intellectual disabilities that, in the face of various barriers, may not be fully and effectively interact with others in the society [2]. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the commonest types of disability. The spinal cord is a super-central part of the nervous system, and even a small damage to it can lead to severe disability [3]. and Masten defined the resilience as “the process or the consequence of successful adaptation in spite of challenging and threatening conditions” [10]. Also, self-efficacy is a concept derived from the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura [13]. Feeling self-efficacy enables individuals to work hard by using skills to deal with obstacles. Self-efficacy to health outcomes and is an indicator of post-traumatic injury rehabilitation.
Meanwhile, professionals recommend doing exercise as an effective treatment because of of sports activities on mental health of people with physical disabilities [7]. Many studies showed a significant difference between the resilience and self-efficacy of healthy subjects including athletes and non-athletes [15, 16, 17]. Therefore, the need for doing exercise in individuals with disabilities is more than others. Today, exercise is a major part of the activities recommended by the SCI centers worldwide. The current study was that whether exercise can have a positive effect on the resilience and self-efficacy of individuals with disabilities caused by SCI.
2. Method
The current causal-comparative study was conducted on athletes with spinal cord injury referring to the National Paralympic Academy as well as non-athlete patients who developed disabilities following SCI referring to the Protection Centre of Spinal Cord Disables of Iran. The instruments used in the research were the Conor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RIS) and the general self-efficacy questionnaire developed by Sherer et al. The subjects were selected using Of the 60 members of the National Paralympic Academy and 200 members of the Protection Centre of Spinal Cord Disables of Iran, 32 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected for each group. The sample size with the assumption of the first and second type errors 5% and 20 and the mean and standard deviation of self-efficacy in athletes and non-athletes were 53.62, 15.59, 12.65, And colleagues [17], and based on the comparison formula, the mean of Stata software was calculated to be 32 in both groups.
Descriptive statistics used in the study were mean, standard deviation, percentage, mean and mean quark distortion; inferential statistics included independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, was used to compare resilience and self-efficacy between athlete and non-athlete groups, and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the duration of disability with resilience and self-efficacy.
3. Results
Based on the results of t- and the Mann-Whitney U tests, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, educational level, marital status, and stage of SCI. Meanwhile, the mean duration of disability had between the groups (P=0.001).
The mean of resiliency in athletes and non-athletes was 72 and 63, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.006). Also, there was a significant difference in self-efficacy between athletes and non-athletes (P=0.001) (Table 1); in other words, athletes with SCI had a better self-efficacy than their non-athlete counterparts. The study findings showed a positive correlation between self-efficacy and resilience, and correlation coefficient of 0.549 (Table 2).
4. Discussion
Regarding the findings of the present study and considering the results of previous studies, it can be concluded that SCI causes serious complications in all personal aspects, including physical, psychological, and social health, and may be associated with higher resilience and self-efficacy. According to the findings of the study, there is a significant relationship between resilience and self-efficacy, and doing exercise. Doing exercise is likely to be a way to promote resilience and self-efficacy in people with SCI.
Studies the positive effects of physical activity, exercise, or sports on physical and mental health of people with physical disabilities; mood management and reduced stress, depression, and anxiety [7]. et al. 14] also argued that the ultimate goal of rehabilitation in patients with SCI is to maximize self-efficacy. Continuous reinforcement is in fact the ability of the individual to build self-efficacy and resilience, which is important among the ones with disabilities. Therefore, self-efficacy and resilience are the major factors for the repercussions of patients with SCI. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, there is a high level of resilience and self-efficacy in the athletes with disabilities. It is also recommended to implement sport techniques in welfare centers and other organizations serving patients with SCI to improve their psychological functioning.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this research all ethical considerations such as interview secrecy of information and informed consent were observed.
Funding
The paper was extracted from the Master thesis of first author at of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Iran.
Authors' contribution
Conceptualization, methodology, review and editing: All authors; Investigation, resources, data original draft preparation, visualization: Niloufar Dirmanchi; Mohammad Saeed Khanjani.
Conflict of interest
The authors no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Dr. Ali Kabir (Head of the Center for Education & Development of Iran University of Medical Sciences), Dr. (Statistical Consultant), Head of the Department of of Sports Psychology at National Olympic and Paralympic Academy Management and Personnel of the Center of Support For Spinal Cord Disabilities, and all participants for their valuable cooperation.
Meanwhile, professionals recommend doing exercise as an effective treatment because of of sports activities on mental health of people with physical disabilities [7]. Many studies showed a significant difference between the resilience and self-efficacy of healthy subjects including athletes and non-athletes [15, 16, 17]. Therefore, the need for doing exercise in individuals with disabilities is more than others. Today, exercise is a major part of the activities recommended by the SCI centers worldwide. The current study was that whether exercise can have a positive effect on the resilience and self-efficacy of individuals with disabilities caused by SCI.
2. Method
The current causal-comparative study was conducted on athletes with spinal cord injury referring to the National Paralympic Academy as well as non-athlete patients who developed disabilities following SCI referring to the Protection Centre of Spinal Cord Disables of Iran. The instruments used in the research were the Conor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RIS) and the general self-efficacy questionnaire developed by Sherer et al. The subjects were selected using Of the 60 members of the National Paralympic Academy and 200 members of the Protection Centre of Spinal Cord Disables of Iran, 32 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected for each group. The sample size with the assumption of the first and second type errors 5% and 20 and the mean and standard deviation of self-efficacy in athletes and non-athletes were 53.62, 15.59, 12.65, And colleagues [17], and based on the comparison formula, the mean of Stata software was calculated to be 32 in both groups.
Descriptive statistics used in the study were mean, standard deviation, percentage, mean and mean quark distortion; inferential statistics included independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, was used to compare resilience and self-efficacy between athlete and non-athlete groups, and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the duration of disability with resilience and self-efficacy.
3. Results
Based on the results of t- and the Mann-Whitney U tests, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, educational level, marital status, and stage of SCI. Meanwhile, the mean duration of disability had between the groups (P=0.001).
The mean of resiliency in athletes and non-athletes was 72 and 63, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.006). Also, there was a significant difference in self-efficacy between athletes and non-athletes (P=0.001) (Table 1); in other words, athletes with SCI had a better self-efficacy than their non-athlete counterparts. The study findings showed a positive correlation between self-efficacy and resilience, and correlation coefficient of 0.549 (Table 2).
4. Discussion
Regarding the findings of the present study and considering the results of previous studies, it can be concluded that SCI causes serious complications in all personal aspects, including physical, psychological, and social health, and may be associated with higher resilience and self-efficacy. According to the findings of the study, there is a significant relationship between resilience and self-efficacy, and doing exercise. Doing exercise is likely to be a way to promote resilience and self-efficacy in people with SCI.
Studies the positive effects of physical activity, exercise, or sports on physical and mental health of people with physical disabilities; mood management and reduced stress, depression, and anxiety [7]. et al. 14] also argued that the ultimate goal of rehabilitation in patients with SCI is to maximize self-efficacy. Continuous reinforcement is in fact the ability of the individual to build self-efficacy and resilience, which is important among the ones with disabilities. Therefore, self-efficacy and resilience are the major factors for the repercussions of patients with SCI. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, there is a high level of resilience and self-efficacy in the athletes with disabilities. It is also recommended to implement sport techniques in welfare centers and other organizations serving patients with SCI to improve their psychological functioning.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this research all ethical considerations such as interview secrecy of information and informed consent were observed.
Funding
The paper was extracted from the Master thesis of first author at of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Iran.
Authors' contribution
Conceptualization, methodology, review and editing: All authors; Investigation, resources, data original draft preparation, visualization: Niloufar Dirmanchi; Mohammad Saeed Khanjani.
Conflict of interest
The authors no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Dr. Ali Kabir (Head of the Center for Education & Development of Iran University of Medical Sciences), Dr. (Statistical Consultant), Head of the Department of of Sports Psychology at National Olympic and Paralympic Academy Management and Personnel of the Center of Support For Spinal Cord Disabilities, and all participants for their valuable cooperation.
Type of Study: Original Research |
Subject:
Psychiatry and Psychology
Received: 2018/12/12 | Accepted: 2019/02/5 | Published: 2019/07/23
Received: 2018/12/12 | Accepted: 2019/02/5 | Published: 2019/07/23
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